惡德

Chinese

		evil; to hate; to loathe evil; to hate; to loathe; nauseated	Germany; virtue; goodness Germany; virtue; goodness; morality; ethics; kindness; favour; character; kind
trad. (惡德)		惡	德
simp. (恶德)		恶	德

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): èdé

  (Zhuyin): ㄜˋ ㄉㄜˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ok³ dak¹

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: èdé
    • Zhuyin: ㄜˋ ㄉㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: èdé
    • Wade–Giles: o⁴-tê²
    • Yale: è-dé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ehder
    • Palladius: эдэ (edɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɤ⁵¹ tɤ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: ok³ dak¹
    • Yale: ok dāk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ok⁸ dak⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: og³ deg¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɔːk̚³ tɐk̚⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: 'ak tok

Rime
Character	惡	德
Reading #	3/3	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	唐 (103)	登 (131)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	烏各切	多則切
Baxter	'ak	tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔak̚/	/tək̚/
Li Rong	/ʔɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Wang Li	/ɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔɑk̚/	/tək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	e	de
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ok3	dak1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔˤak  tˤək/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qaːɡ  tɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	惡	德
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	è	dé
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔak ›	‹ tok ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔˁak/	/*tˁək/
English	bad, ugly	virtue
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	惡	德
Reading #	3/3	1/1
No.	14220	17266
Phonetic component	亞	直
Rime group	鐸	職
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	惡	德
Old Chinese	/*qaːɡ/	/*tɯːɡ/

Noun

惡德

1. (now rare) vice; immorality; corruption

   • 爵罔及惡德，惟其賢。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     爵罔及恶德，惟其贤。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE

     Jué wǎng jí èdé, wéi qí xián. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 自然，嘴脣乾和頭皮癢，古今的聖賢都不稱它為美德，但好像也沒有斥為惡德的。 [MSC, trad.]
     自然，嘴唇干和头皮痒，古今的圣贤都不称它为美德，但好像也没有斥为恶德的。 [MSC, simp.]

     From: 1933 March 28, Lu Xun, 《文人無文》

     Zìrán, zuǐchún qián hé tóupí yǎng, gǔjīn de shèngxián dōu bù chēng tā wèi měidé, dàn hǎoxiàng yě méiyǒu chì wèi èdé de. [Pinyin]

     Naturally, dried lips and itchy scalps weren't praised as virtues by sages then and now, but they also weren't condemned as vices.

Antonyms

• (literary) 俊德 (jùndé)
• 美德 (měidé)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (惡德):

• → Japanese: 悪徳(あくとく) (akutoku)
• → Korean: 악덕(惡德) (akdeok)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
惡	德
あく Jinmeiyō	とく Jinmeiyō
on’yomi

Noun

惡(あく)德(とく) • (akutoku) 

1. Kyūjitai form of 悪徳: vice; immorality; corruption

Korean

Hanja in this term
惡	德

Noun

惡德 • (akdeok) (hangeul 악덕)

1. Hanja form^? of 악덕 (“vice; immorality; corruption”).