德

See also: 徳 and 惪

德	U+5FB7, 德 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5FB7

← 徶
[U+5FB6]

CJK Unified Ideographs

徸 →
[U+5FB8]

Translingual edit

Stroke order

Han character edit

德 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+12, 15 strokes, cangjie input 竹人十田心 (HOJWP), four-corner 2423₆, composition ⿰彳𢛳)

Derived characters edit

𪢝, 𥌩, 𮕏

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 371, character 8
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10243
Dae Jaweon: page 698, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 841, character 17
Unihan data for U+5FB7

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		德
2nd round simp.		⿱一心
alternative forms		徳惪悳㥁恴徳惪悳㥁恴㥀㤫𢛳𢜖𢠀𢤊𨗌𨗤

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 德
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (直) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
置	*tɯɡs
值	dɯɡs, dɯɡ
植	dɯɡs, djɯɡ
埴	tʰjɯɡs, djɯɡ
惪	*tɯːɡ
德	*tɯːɡ
稙	*tɯɡ
淔	*tʰɯɡ
直	*dɯɡ
犆	*dɯɡ
殖	*djɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *tɯːɡ) : semantic 彳 (“road”) + phonetic 惪 (OC *tɯːɡ, “virtue”). 惪 is corrupted into 𢛳.

Etymology edit

“virtue; morality; favour”: An allofam is probably 直 (OC *dɯɡ, “straight; right”) (Schuessler, 2007). Also seen as phonetically related to 得 (OC *tɯːɡ, “to obtain”) (Han Feizi[1]; Liu, 1988; Chen & Xu, 1989; Xu & Li 2000; apud Theobald, 2018[2])

“Germany”: Shortening of 德意志 (Déyìzhì), derived from German Deutsch.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dé (de²)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄜˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dak¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ak²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tet
Jin (Wiktionary): dieh⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): dáik
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): tek / tiak / terk

(Teochew, Peng'im): dêg⁴
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁷teq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dé
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dé
  - Wade–Giles: tê²
  - Yale: dé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: der
  - Palladius: дэ (dɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɤ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: dak¹
  - Yale: dāk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dak⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: deg¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɐk̚⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ak²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ak̚⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tet
  - Hakka Romanization System: ded`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ded⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /tet̚²/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: dieh⁴
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tiəʔ²/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dáik
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /taiʔ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Nan'an, Anxi, Tong'an)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tek
  - Tâi-lô: tik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: deg
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Tong'an): /tiɪk̚³²/
  - IPA (Nan'an): /tiɪk̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Hui'an)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiak
  - Tâi-lô: tiak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: diag
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tiak̚⁵/
  - IPA (Hui'an): /tiak̚⁴/
- (Hokkien: Nan'an)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: terk
  - Tâi-lô: terk
  - IPA (Nan'an): /tək̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dêg⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tek
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tek̚²/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁷teq
  - MiniDict: teh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴teq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /təʔ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: tok

Rime
Character	德
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	登 (131)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	多則切
Baxter	tok
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tək̚/
Pan Wuyun	/tək̚/
Shao Rongfen	/tək̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tək̚/
Li Rong	/tək̚/
Wang Li	/tək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/tək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	de
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dak¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤək/

(Zhengzhang): /*tɯːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	德
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dé
Middle Chinese	‹ tok ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁək/
English	virtue
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	德
Reading #	1/1
No.	17266
Phonetic component	直
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	德
Old Chinese	/*tɯːɡ/

Definitions edit

德

virtue; morality; ethics
- 德之不脩，學之不講。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  德之不脩，学之不讲。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
  Dé zhī bù xiū, xué zhī bù jiǎng. [Pinyin]
  The leaving virtue without proper cultivation, the not thoroughly discussing what is learned.
favor; benevolence; kindness
- 以直報怨，以德報德。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  以直报怨，以德报德。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
  Yǐ zhí bào yuàn, yǐ dé bào dé. [Pinyin]
  Recompense injury with justice, and recompense kindness with kindness.
mind; faith; character
一心一德 ― yīxīnyīdé ― of one heart and one mind
- 桀德，惟乃弗作往任，是惟暴德罔後。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  桀德，惟乃弗作往任，是惟暴德罔后。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 7^th – 4^th centuries BCE
  Jié dé, wéi nǎi fú zuò wǎng rèn, shì wéi bàodé wǎng hòu. [Pinyin]
  Jie's character was such that he did not follow precedents in making appointments, and therefore his character was violent and ruined the future [of his kingdom].
- 子為政，焉用殺？子欲善，而民善矣。君子之德風，小人之德草。草上之風，必偃。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  子为政，焉用杀？子欲善，而民善矣。君子之德风，小人之德草。草上之风，必偃。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Zǐ wéizhèng, yān yòng shā? Zǐ yù shàn, ér mín shàn yǐ. Jūnzǐ zhī dé fēng, xiǎorén zhī dé cǎo. Cǎoshàng zhī fēng, bì yǎn. [Pinyin]
  Sir, when governing, why use killing? When you strive for goodness, people will be good. The nobles' character is like the wind; the commoners' character is like grass. When the wind blows over the grass, it'll surely bend.
Short for 德意志 (Déyìzhì, “Germany”).
德語／德语 ― déyǔ ― German language

德美關係／德美关系 ― dé měi guānxì ― Germany-United States relations

德蘇條約／德苏条约 ― dé sū tiáoyuē ― Nazi–Soviet Pact