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U+4E7E, 乾
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E7E

[U+4E7D]
CJK Unified Ideographs 乿
[U+4E7F]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 5, +10, 11 strokes, cangjie input 十十人弓 (JJON), four-corner 48417, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 84, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 204
  • Dae Jaweon: page 172, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 56, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+4E7E

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
   


References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *kaːn, *ɡran) : phonetic (OC *kaːns) + semantic .

Etymology 1

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trad.
simp. *
alternative forms

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kan (to dry; to dry up). Cognate with (OC *ɡaːnʔ, “drought”), Burmese ခန်း (hkan:, to dry up; to evaporate) (STEDT).

The sense “lacking sweetness” is a semantic loan from French sec or English dry.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • koaⁿ/koa - vernacular;
  • kan - literary.
Note: guan1 - “dried-up food” (e.g. 餅乾).

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 乾 (旱)
Mandarin Beijing /kan⁵⁵/
Harbin /kan⁴⁴/
Tianjin /kan²¹/
Jinan /kã²¹³/
Qingdao /kã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /kan²⁴/
Xi'an /kã²¹/
Xining /kã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /kan⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /kɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /kan⁴⁴/
Wuhan /kan⁵⁵/
Chengdu /kan⁵⁵/
Guiyang /kan⁵⁵/
Kunming /kã̠⁴⁴/
Nanjing /kaŋ³¹/
Hefei /kæ̃²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /kæ̃¹¹/
Pingyao /kɑŋ¹³/
Hohhot /kæ̃³¹/
Wu Shanghai /kø⁵³/
Suzhou /kø⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /kẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /ky³³/
Hui Shexian /kɛ³¹/
Tunxi /kuə¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /kan³³/
Xiangtan /kan³³/
Gan Nanchang /kɵn⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kon⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kon²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɔn⁵³/
Nanning /kɔn⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kɔn⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kan⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kuiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kaŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kaŋ²³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2
Initial () (28)
Final () (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter kan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kɑn/
Pan
Wuyun
/kɑn/
Shao
Rongfen
/kɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kan/
Li
Rong
/kɑn/
Wang
Li
/kɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
gān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gon1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
gān
Middle
Chinese
‹ kan ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]ˁar/
English dry

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/2
No. 3698
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kaːn/

Definitions

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  1. dry; moistureless; waterless; arid
    喉嚨喉咙  ―  Wǒ hóulóng hěn gān.  ―  My throat feels dry.
  2. to dry; to exhaust
  3. to neglect; to snub
  4. (colloquial) to drain one's glass; bottoms up
  5. dried up; exhausted; drained
  6. (of voice) dry and coarse
  7. dried-up food
  8. adopted; adoptive; foster
  9. in vain; for nothing
  10. falsely; superficially
  11. not sweet; lacking sweetness
Synonyms
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  • (dry):
Antonyms
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  • (antonym(s) of dry): 湿 (shī)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-ka-n (heaven; sky; sun). Cognate with Tibetan མཁའ (mkha'), ནམ་མཁའ (nam mkha', sky; heaven) and Namuyi nɛ⁵⁵ ŋkhɛ³³ mu³³ (sky).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • kiang5 - Shantou;
  • kiêng5 - Chaozhou.

Rime
Character
Reading # 2/2
Initial () (30)
Final () (79)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter gjen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɡˠiᴇn/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɡᵚiɛn/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɡiæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/gian/
Li
Rong
/ɡjɛn/
Wang
Li
/ɡĭɛn/
Bernard
Karlgren
/gi̯ɛn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
qián
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
kin4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
qián
Middle
Chinese
‹ gjen ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ɡ](r)ar/
English heaven; heavenly

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 2/2
No. 3709
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡran/

Definitions

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  1. first of the eight trigrams (bagua) used in Taoist cosmology, represented by the symbol
  2. first hexagram of the I Ching, represented by the symbol
  3. (figurative) sky; heaven
      ―  qiándào  ―  ways of heaven; natural law
  4. (figurative) emperor; monarch
  5. (figurative) sun
  6. (figurative) northwest
  7. (figurative) man; male
  8. a surname

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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simp. and trad.

Pronunciation

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Note: vernacular.
Note: vernacular.
Note:
  • vernacular;
  • na - only used in 干焦.
Note: vernacular.

Definitions

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  1. (Min) Alternative form of (dry)

Japanese

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Kanji

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(Jōyō kanji)

  1. northwest
  2. dehydrate
  3. arid
  4. drought
  5. imbibe
  6. paradise
  7. the emperor

Readings

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Alternative forms

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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From (いぬ) (inu, 10 o'clock direction) + () (i, 11 o'clock direction).

Orthographic borrowing from Chinese (northwest, Etymology 2).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(いぬい) (inuiいぬゐ (i'nwi)?

  1. (obsolete) northwest

Proper noun

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(いぬい) (Inuiいぬゐ (i'nwi)?

  1. a surname

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
かん
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese (MC kan).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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(かん) (kan

  1. dry
Compounds
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
けん
Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese (MC gjen).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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(けん) (ken

  1. the sky
Compounds
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References

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 2.0 2.1 Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese (MC gjen, “sky”).

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 하늘 (haneul geon))

  1. hanja form? of (sky)
    Synonym: ( (cheon))
    Antonym: ( (ji)): earth
  2. hanja form? of ( or the first of the eight trigrams (bagua) (☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷ or 팔괘 (八卦, palgwae, “Bagua”)))
    Antonym: ( (gon))
  3. hanja form? of (king)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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From a corrupted or unorthodox reading. The original reading is (gan) based on Middle Chinese (MC kan, “dry”).

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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(eumhun 마를 (mareul geon))

  1. (prefix) hanja form? of (dry)
    Antonym: ( (seup)): wet
  2. hanja form? of (moistureless; waterless; arid)
  3. hanja form? of (in vain; for nothing; superficially)

Compounds

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See also

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    7+0=111+000 (U+2630)* sky
    6+1=110+001 (U+2631) marsh
    5+2=101+010 (U+2632) fire
    4+3=100+011 (U+2633) thunder
    3+4=011+100 (U+2634) wind
    2+5=010+101 (U+2635) water
    1+6=001+110 (U+2636) mountain
    0+7=000+111 (U+2637) earth

    Usage notes

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    [*] Decimal pair = Binary pair (Codepoint). (The solid bar "—" of the Trigrams may be assigned to the binary number "1", while the split bar "--" to "0".)

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Tày

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Adjective

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(càn)

  1. Nôm form of càn (perverse; debauched).
    世間湛㵊每門
    𫪄才咭色退㐌𠱝
    Thế gian sẳm suổi mọi mòn
    Ghen tài ghẻt sắc thói càn đạ quen
    Filthy acts abound in this world:
    Jealousy of talent, hatred for looks, habits of debauchery, all familiar

References

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  • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[3] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: kiền, cạn, can, càn, khan, gàn

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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