貝

See also: 贝, 目, 見, 具, 頁, and 員

貝	U+8C9D, 貝 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8C9D

← 貜
[U+8C9C]

CJK Unified Ideographs

貞 →
[U+8C9E]

⾙	U+2F99, ⾙ KANGXI RADICAL SHELL

← ⾘
[U+2F98]

Kangxi Radicals

⾚ →
[U+2F9A]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han characterEdit

See images of
Radical 154 貝

貝 (radical 154, 貝+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月山金 (BUC), four-corner 6080₀, composition ⿱目八)

Kangxi radical #154, ⾙.

Derived charactersEdit

Index:Chinese radical/貝

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1204, character 1
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36656
Dae Jaweon: page 1665, character 2
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3622, character 1
Unihan data for U+8C9D

ChineseEdit

trad.		貝
simp.		贝

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 貝
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu Slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (貝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
貝	*paːds
狽	*paːds
鋇	*paːds
浿	pʰaːds, pʰreːds
垻	*praːs
敗	praːds, braːds
唄	*braːds

Pictogram (象形) – cowry.

EtymologyEdit

Cowries were used as money in ancient China (Shell money). Guo (1945) proposes that cowries used by the ancient Chinese dynasties in Central China must have come from the southeastern shores of China and areas further south, as the species of sea snail used as decoration and currency—Monetaria moneta (money cowry)—is not native to the eastern seashores of China. He further proposes that in addition to the cowry itself, the word for cowry, 貝, is also an ancient loanword from languages of the south (which call it “bia”).

Compare Malay bia (“cowry”), Thai เบี้ย (bîia, “cowry shell; money”), Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɓa(a)j (“bean, small weight or coin”) > Khasi sbâi, 'bâi (“money, cowry, shell”), Khmer ពៃ (pɨy, “obsolete small coin”).

Alternatively, Starostin, Matisoff (2003) and Schuessler (2007) relate 貝 to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bwap (“snail”), via 貝 (OC *paːds) < *pāps. If so it would be cognate with Jingpho pawp, lapawp (“snail”).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bèi (bei⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄟˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bui³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pi
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): pòe

(Teochew, Peng'im): buê⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): pe (T2)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: bèi
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄟˋ
  - Wade–Giles: pei⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bey
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bèi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /peɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: bui³
  - Yale: bui
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bui³
  - Guangdong Romanization: bui³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /puːy̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pi
  - Hakka Romanization System: bi
  - Hagfa Pinyim: bi⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /pi⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pòe
  - Tâi-lô: puè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: poex
  - IPA (Xiamen): /pue²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pue⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /pue²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /pue¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pue²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: buê⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puĕ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pue³⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: pe (T2)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pe̞³⁴/

Middle Chinese: /pɑi^H/

Rime
Character	貝
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	泰 (25)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	愽蓋切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɑi^H/
Pan Wuyun	/pɑi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/pɑi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/paj^H/
Li Rong	/pɑi^H/
Wang Li	/pɑi^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/pɑi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bèi

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*pˤa[t]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*paːds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	貝
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	bèi
Middle Chinese	‹ paj^H ›
Old Chinese	/*pˁa[t]-s/
English	cowry shell
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	貝
Reading #	1/1
No.	415
Phonetic component	貝
Rime group	祭
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	貝
Old Chinese	/*paːds/

DefinitionsEdit

貝

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 貝

諾貝爾／诺贝尔 (Nuòbèi'ěr)
諾貝爾獎／诺贝尔奖 (Nuòbèi'ěr-jiǎng)
護貝／护贝
象牙貝／象牙贝
貝他係數／贝他系数
貝他射線／贝他射线
貝他蛻變／贝他蜕变
貝克勒／贝克勒
貝冑／贝冑
貝加爾湖／贝加尔湖 (Bèijiā'ěr Hú)
貝勒／贝勒 (bèilè)
貝南／贝南 (Bèinán)
貝塚／贝冢 (Bèizhǒng)
貝多／贝多 (bèiduō)
貝多樹／贝多树
貝多芬／贝多芬 (Bèiduōfēn)
貝奧武夫／贝奥武夫 (Bèi'àowǔfū)
貝婁／贝娄
貝子／贝子 (bèizi)
貝希斯敦／贝希斯敦 (Bèixīsīdūn)
貝幣／贝币
貝拉圖／贝拉图
貝朗瑞／贝朗瑞
貝柱／贝柱
貝殼／贝壳 (bèiké)
貝殼杉／贝壳杉
貝母／贝母 (bèimǔ)
貝毒／贝毒
貝比魯斯／贝比鲁斯
貝爾／贝尔 (Bèi'ěr)
貝爾尼尼／贝尔尼尼
貝爾格／贝尔格
貝爾格勒／贝尔格勒 (Bèi'ěrgélè)
貝爾湖／贝尔湖 (Bèi'ěr Hú)

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

貝

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: はい (hai)
Kan-on: はい (hai)
Kan’yō-on: ばい (bai)
Kun: かい (kai, 貝, Jōyō)^{←かひ (kafi, historical)}

EtymologyEdit

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

貝

Wikipedia ^ja

Kanji in this term
貝
かい Grade: 1
kun’yomi

/*kapi₁/ → /kaɸi/ → /kawi/ → /kai/

From Old Japanese.^[1] Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.^[2]

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) かい [káꜜì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[3]^[4]^[5]
IPA^(key): [ka̠i]

NounEdit

貝(かい) • (kai) ^{←かひ (kafi)^?}

a shellfish

Derived termsEdit

Derived terms

一(いち)枚(まい)貝(がい) (ichimaigai, “univalve”)
貝(かい)合(あ)わせ (kaiawase, “tribadism”)
二(に)枚(まい)貝(がい) (nimaigai, “bivalve”)
帆(ほ)立(たて)貝(がい) (hotategai, “scallop”)

ReferencesEdit

^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 15, poem 3709), text here
^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
^ 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

貝 (eumhun 조개 패 (jogae pae))

Hanja form^? of 패 (“clam, shellfish”).

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

貝: Hán Nôm readings: bối, buổi, bói, búi, với, mấy, mới, vuối, thói

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[KDJ-1] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[MYS-2] . 759, Man'yōshū (book 15, poem 3709), text here

[DJR-3] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[SMK2-5] 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō

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[4]

[5]