隆

隆	U+9686, 隆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9686

隆	U+F9DC, 隆 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F9DC

← 率
[U+F9DB]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

利 →
[U+F9DD]

𨺓	U+28E93, 𨺓 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-28E93

← 𨺒
[U+28E92]

CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B

𨺔 →
[U+28E94]

TranslingualEdit

Japanese	隆
Simplified	隆
Traditional	隆

Alternative formsEdit

Note that there is no line above 生 in Japanese shinjitai. A CJK compatibility ideograph (U+F9DC) exists for the kyūjitai form of 隆 which has an extra line above 生. Due to Han unification, the Chinese form (with line above 生) and Japanese form (without line) are encoded under the same codepoint. The character 𨺓 (U+28E93) exists for the Chinese form with no line above 生.

Han characterEdit

隆 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+9, 12 strokes in Chinese, 11 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 弓中竹水一 (NLHEM), four-corner 7721₄, composition ⿰阝⿳夂一生(GHTKV) or ⿰阝⿱夂生(J) or ⿰阝㚅)

Derived charactersEdit

嶐, 漋, 癃, 窿, 蕯, 霳, 㝫, 㦕, 䃧, 鿧, 𠘓, 𠾐, 𥀼, 𥳌, 𧑟, 𪔳, 𪔴

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1356, character 22
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41720
Dae Jaweon: page 1860, character 17
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4148, character 5
Unihan data for U+9686

Unihan data for U+28E93

Unihan data for U+F9DC

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		隆
alternative forms		𤯲𨹠𨹿𨺓𨺚𤯲𨹠𨹿𨺓𨺚𨺼𨻦𨼇

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (夅) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
贛	kluːmʔ, kluːms, kromʔ, kloːms
灨	kluːmʔ, kluːms
竷	*kʰluːms
戇	kr'oːms, qʰloːms
洚	kruːŋs, ɡruːŋ, ɡloːŋ, ɡluːŋ
降	kruːŋs, ɡruːŋ
絳	*kruːŋs
栙	*ɡruːŋ
夅	*ɡruːŋ
跭	*ɡruːŋ
隆	*ɡ·ruːŋ
癃	*ɡ·ruːŋ
窿	*ɡ·ruːŋ
霳	*ɡ·ruːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡ·ruːŋ): phonetic 降 (OC *kruːŋs, *ɡruːŋ) + semantic 生, with 𡕒 later dropped.

EtymologyEdit

"eminent; high": Schuessler (2007) suggests it is of Austroasiatic origin; cognate with Khmer រុង (rung, “large; prosperous; prominent”), Khmer ស្រុង (srong, “(of clothing) very long”), 崇 (OC *zruŋ, “high”).
"thunder": From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”) (STEDT). Cognate with 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”), 雹 (OC *bruːɡ, “hail”), Tibetan འབྲུག ('brug, “thunder; dragon”)

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): lóng, lōng (long², long¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˊ, ㄌㄨㄥ
Cantonese (Jyutping): lung⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): lùng

(Meixian, Guangdong): lung²
Min Bei (KCR): lê̤ng
Min Dong (BUC): lṳ̀ng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): liông

(Teochew, Peng'im): long⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lóng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: lóng
  - Wade–Giles: lung²
  - Yale: lúng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: long
  - Palladius: лун (lun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: lōng
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: long
  - Wade–Giles: lung¹
  - Yale: lūng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lhong
  - Palladius: лун (lun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ⁵⁵/

Note: lōng - in some compounds in Mainland, e.g. 轟隆／轰隆 (hōnglōng), 咕隆 (gūlōng), 黑咕隆咚.

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: lung⁴
  - Yale: lùhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lung⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: lung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lùng
  - Hakka Romanization System: lungˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lung²
  - Sinological IPA: /luŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: lung²
  - Sinological IPA: /lʊŋ¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: lê̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lœyŋ³³/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lṳ̀ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃yŋ⁵³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liông
  - Tâi-lô: liông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lioong
  - IPA (Xiamen): /liɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɔŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /liɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: long⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /loŋ⁵⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 隆
Mandarin	Beijing	/luŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/luŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/luŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/luŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ləŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/luŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/luŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/luə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/luŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/lũn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/luŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/noŋ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/noŋ³¹/
	Guiyang	/noŋ²¹/
	Kunming	/loŋ¹/
	Nanjing	/loŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/ləŋ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/luəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/luŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/lũŋ⁵³/
Wu	Shanghai	/loŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/loŋ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/loŋ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/loŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/lʌ̃⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/lin⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/loŋ¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/nən¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/luŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/luŋ¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/luŋ¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/loŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/luŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/luŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/liɔŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/lyŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/lœyŋ³³/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/loŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/loŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: /lɨuŋ/

Rime
Character	隆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力中切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/liuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/liuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/luwŋ/
Li Rong	/liuŋ/
Wang Li	/lĭuŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lung⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]uŋ/, /*[r]uŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·ruːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	隆	隆
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lóng	lóng
Middle Chinese	‹ ljuwng ›	‹ ljuwng ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]uŋ/	/[r]uŋ/ (< -[u]m)
English	sound of thunder	high; ample; eminent
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	隆
Reading #	1/1
No.	6286
Phonetic component	夅
Rime group	終
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	隆
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·ruːŋ/

DefinitionsEdit

隆

plentiful; abundant; magnificent
deep; profound
prosperous; thriving
protruding; swollen; high
(onomatopoeia) sound of thunder or explosion
(Malaysia, Singapore) Short for 吉隆坡 (Jílóngpō).

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 隆

吉隆坡 (Jílóngpō)
咕隆 (gūlōng)
基隆 (Jīlóng)
基隆市
基隆河 (Jīlónghé)
大呼隆
德隆望尊
德隆望重
昌隆 (chānglóng)
李隆基
永隆 (Yǒnglóng)
沙隆
波隆那
海洋隆起
穹隆 (qiónglóng)
蒲隆地 (Púlóngdì)
道高德隆
郅隆
隆中 (Lóngzhōng)
隆中山
隆乳 (lóngrǔ)
隆冬 (lóngdōng)
隆刑峻法
隆名
隆寒

隆崇
隆德 (Lóngdé)
隆恩 (lóng'ēn)
隆恩盛德
隆情
隆昌 (lóngchāng)
隆暑
隆替
隆正
隆河
隆河谷地
隆渥
隆盛 (lóngshèng)
隆穹
隆窳
隆胸 (lóngxiōng)
隆起 (lóngqǐ)
隆重 (lóngzhòng)
隆隆 (lónglóng)
隆鼻 (lóngbí)
乾隆 (Qiánlong)
克隆斯臺／克隆斯台
喀麥隆／喀麦隆 (Kāmàilóng)
國運昌隆／国运昌隆
基隆廟口／基隆庙口

ReferencesEdit

“隆”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[2], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04434

JapaneseEdit

Shinjitai	隆
Kyūjitai ^[1]	隆 `隆` or 隆+`︀`^?
	隆󠄁 隆+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	隆󠄆 隆+`󠄆`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
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