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生

生 U+751F, 生
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F
← 甞
[U+751E]		 CJK Unified Ideographs 甠 →
[U+7520]
See also: 主 and 玍

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 
Japanese
stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

 
See images of
Radical 100 生

生 (radical 100 生+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹手一 (HQM), four-corner 25100, composition ⿻𠂉土)

  1. Kangxi radical #100, ⽣ (“life”).

Derived charactersEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 754, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21670
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1162, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 4, page 2575, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+751F

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 生

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 生
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Large seal script Small seal script
       
Characters in the same phonetic series (生) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
猜 *sʰlɯː
輤 *sʰleːns
綪 *sʰleːns, *ʔsreːŋ
倩 *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs
棈 *sʰleːns
蒨 *sʰeːns
篟 *sʰeːns
生 *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs
牲 *sreŋ
笙 *sreŋ
甥 *sreŋ
鉎 *sreŋ, *sleːŋ
珄 *sreŋ
鼪 *sreŋ, *sreŋs
猩 *sreŋ, *seːŋ
狌 *sreŋ
眚 *sreŋʔ
貹 *sreŋs
崝 *zreːŋ
精 *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs
菁 *ʔsleŋ
鶄 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ
蜻 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ
鼱 *ʔsleŋ
婧 *ʔsleŋ, *zleŋs, *zleŋʔ
睛 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ
箐 *ʔsleŋ
聙 *ʔsleŋ
旌 *ʔsleŋ
清 *sʰleŋ
圊 *sʰleŋ
請 *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ
凊 *sʰleŋs
䝼 *zleŋs, *zleŋ
靚 *zleŋs
情 *zleŋ
晴 *zleŋ
夝 *zleŋ
靜 *zleŋʔ
靖 *zleŋʔ
睲 *seŋʔ, *seːŋs
惺 *seŋʔ, *seːŋ
性 *sleŋs
姓 *sleŋs
靗 *l̥ʰeŋs
鯖 *ʔljeŋ, *sʰleːŋ
青 *sʰleːŋ
靘 *sʰleːŋ, *sʰleːŋs
掅 *sʰleːŋs
胜 *sleːŋ
曐 *sleːŋ
星 *sleːŋ
鮏 *sleːŋ
腥 *seːŋ, *seːŋs
鯹 *seːŋ
醒 *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs
篂 *seːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground.

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”).

Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (“terminative suffix”).

Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.

Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).

Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • saang1 - vernacular;
  • sang1 - literary.
Note:
  • sâng - vernacular;
  • sên - literary.
Note:
  • siⁿ/seⁿ/chhiⁿ/chheⁿ - vernacular;
  • sng/seng - literary.
Note:
  • 1san - vernacular;
  • 1sen - literary.
  • Dialectal data▼
Variety Location 生
Mandarin Beijing /ʂəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʂəŋ⁴/
Tianjin /səŋ²¹/
Jinan /ʂəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ʂəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /səŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /səŋ²¹/
Xining /sə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /səŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ʂə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /sɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /sən⁵⁵/
Chengdu /sən⁵⁵/
Guiyang /sen⁵⁵/
Kunming /sə̃/
Nanjing /sən³¹/
Hefei /sən²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /səŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /səŋ¹³/
/ʂʐ̩e̞¹³/
Hohhot /sə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /səŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /sã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /sen³³/
Wenzhou /siɛ³³/
Hui Shexian /sʌ̃³¹/
/sɛ³¹/
Tunxi /ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /sən³³/
Xiangtan /siẽ³³/
/sən³³/
Gan Nanchang /sɑŋ⁴²/
/sɛn⁴²/ ～意
Hakka Meixian /saŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /sɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐŋ⁵³/
/saŋ⁵³/
Nanning /saŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /sɐŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /siŋ⁵⁵/
/sĩ⁵⁵/ ～死
/t͡sʰĩ⁵⁵/ ～肉
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /saŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /saiŋ⁵⁴/ 學～
/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁴/ ～熟
Shantou (Min Nan) /seŋ³³/
/sẽ³³/
/t͡sʰẽ³³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /seŋ²³/
/sɔŋ²³/
/tɛ²³/ ～活
/sɛ²³/ 不熟
Rime
Character 生 生
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 生 (21) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 庚 (109) 庚 (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 所庚切 所敬切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ʃˠæŋ/ /ʃˠæŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ʃᵚaŋ/ /ʃᵚaŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ʃaŋ/ /ʃaŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ʂaɨjŋ/ /ʂaɨjŋH/
Li
Rong		 /ʃɐŋ/ /ʃɐŋH/
Wang
Li		 /ʃɐŋ/ /ʃɐŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʂɐŋ/ /ʂɐŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shēng shèng
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 生 生 生
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shēng shēng shēng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ sræng › ‹ sræng › ‹ srjæng ›
Old
Chinese		 /*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) /*sreŋ/ /*sreŋ/ (or *s.reŋ ?)
English bear, be born; live fresh, raw bear, be born; live

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 生 生
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 11312 11322
Phonetic
component		 生 生
Rime
group		 耕 耕
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 生 生
Old
Chinese		 /*sʰleːŋ/ /*sreŋs/

DefinitionsEdit

生

  1. to live; to subsist; to exist
  2. to grow; to develop; to bud
    • 紅豆生南國。 / 红豆生南国。  ―  Hóngdòu shēng nán guó.  ―  Red berries grow in southern lands.
  3. (causative) to bear; to give birth; to bring up; to rear
  4. to be born; to come into existence
  5. offspring; descendant
  6. pupil; disciple; student
  7. (historical) scholar; Confucian scholar
  8. (opera) actor or male character
  9. Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “gentleman”).
  10. (Cantonese) Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “Mr.”).
    • 陳生 / 陈生 [Cantonese]  ―  can4 saang1 [Jyutping]  ―  Mr. Chan
  11. life; existence; being; living
  12. fresh; not stale
  13. raw; uncooked
  14. uncultured; uncultivated
  15. strange; unfamiliar
  16. mechanically; forcedly
  17. † very; quite; extremely
  18. vivid; strong; forceful
  19. innate; natural; born with
  20. † Original form of 性 (xìng, “intelligence; natural endowment”).
  21. living things; organism
  22. livelihood; subsistence
  23. lifetime; all one's life
  24. birthday; anniversary
  25. to bring back to life; to revive; to rescue
  26. to generate; to breed; to create
  27. to manufacture; to produce
  28. to happen; to occur; to take place
  29. (Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated
  30. (dialectal) to set up; to put in; to settle
  31. to light; to ignite (a fire)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 生

JapaneseEdit

Japanese stroke order
 
Japanese
stroke order
 

KanjiEdit

生

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
生
なま
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Numerous derivatives already in use in the Heian period.[1][2]

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

生 (hiragana なま, rōmaji nama)

  1. a raw, uncooked state
    肉 (にく)を生 (なま)のまま食 (た)べると、腹 (はら)を壊 (こわ)すことがある。
    Niku o nama no mama taberu to, hara o kowasu koto ga aru.
    You may have a stomachache if you eat raw meat.
  2. fresh, draft
  3. Short for 生ビール.

PrefixEdit

生 (hiragana なま, rōmaji nama-)

  1. live
  2. fresh, draft
    生 (なま)クリーム
    nama kurīmu
    fresh cream
    生 (なま)ビール
    nama bīru
    draft beer
  3. raw, uncooked, rare
    生 (なま)卵 (たまご)
    nama tamago
    a raw egg
  4. natural, unprocessed

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
生
せい
Grade: 1
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 生 (/ʃˠæŋ/, “alive; fresh; raw; unprocessed”).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

生 (hiragana せい, rōmaji sei)

  1. a living
    生 (せい)を営 (いとな)む
    sei o itonamu
    make a living
  2. life
    生 (せい)の喜 (よろこ)び
    sei no yorokobi
    the joys of life
    Synonyms: 命

SuffixEdit

生 (hiragana せい, rōmaji -sei)

  1. a student
    中学 (ちゅうがく)生 (せい)、大学 (だいがく)生 (せい)、受験 (じゅけん)生 (せい)
    chūgakusei, daigakusei, jukensei
    middle-school student, university student, test-taking student → examinee

Etymology 3Edit

Kanji in this term
生
き
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

Likely a contraction from 生き (iki, “life, living; freshness”).[1]

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

生 (hiragana き, rōmaji ki)

  1. purity, a lack of any admixture, a state of being undiluted
    ウィスキーを生 (き)で飲 (の)む
    wisukī o ki de nomu
    drink whiskey straight

PrefixEdit

生 (hiragana き, rōmaji ki-)

  1. unrefined
    生糸 (きいと)
    kīto
    raw silk
  2. pure, undefiled, unadulterated
    生娘 (きむすめ)
    kimusume
    innocent young girl

See alsoEdit

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

生 • (saeng)

  • Eumhun:
    • Sound (hangeul): 생 (McCune-Reischauer: saeng, Yale: sayng)
    • Name (hangeul): 나다 (revised: nada, McCune-Reischauer: nada, Yale: nata)

Middle Korean ᄉᆡᆼ, IPA pronunciation estimate is Sʌiŋ.

  1. fresh

CompoundsEdit

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

生 (sinh, sanh, siêng, xênh, xinh)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

CompoundsEdit

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