須

Translingual edit

Han character edit

須 (Kangxi radical 181, 頁+3, 12 strokes, cangjie input 竹竹一月金 (HHMBC), four-corner 2128₆, composition ⿰彡頁)

Derived characters edit

𠾫, 𣛪, 𦄼(𬘳), 𨅑, 𨬗, 𣌌, 𢊼, 蕦, 𥳗, 𩅺, 鬚, 嬃(媭), 𢄼(𫷈), 澃, 𩒹, 盨(𪾔), 䇓, 𩓾, 𦅓, 𮖶, 頾, 𢒷, 𩔾, 𪆦, 𡡓, 䫇, 𩓣, 頿, 䫠

Related characters edit

须 (Simplified form of 須 and 鬚 in mainland China)

Descendants edit

ス (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1399, character 23
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43352
Dae Jaweon: page 1916, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4358, character 1
Unihan data for U+9808

Chinese edit

trad.		須
simp.		须^*
alternative forms		湏 ⿰⿱分巾頁 ⿰⿱分立頁 ⿰⿱分豆頁

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 須
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (須) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
盨	*sraʔ
須	*so
鬚	*so
嬃	*so
蕦	*so

Pictogram (象形): 彡 (“hair”) + 頁 (“head”) – a head with hair on its side – beard; whiskers — original character of 鬚 (OC *so). Originally a single picture, but abstracted in the seal script into a compound.

Etymology 1 edit

“to wait”: Schuessler (2007), reconstructing the Old Chinese as *sno, suggests that it is probably a causative derivation from 懦 (OC *njo, “weak; soft”), literally “to make (time) pliant”.

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xū (xu¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄩ
Cantonese (Jyutping): seoi¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sî
Min Bei (KCR): sṳ́
Min Dong (BUC): sṳ̆
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): su / si

(Teochew, Peng'im): su¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xū
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄩ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: syu
  - Wade–Giles: hsü¹
  - Yale: syū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiu
  - Palladius: сюй (sjuj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: seoi¹
  - Yale: sēui
  - Cantonese Pinyin: soey¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: sêu¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɵy̯⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sî
  - Hakka Romanization System: xi´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: xi¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ɕi²⁴/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sṳ́
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sy⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sṳ̆
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sy⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: su
  - Tâi-lô: su
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sw
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /su⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /su³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si
  - Tâi-lô: si
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sy
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕi⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: su¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: su
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /su³³/

Middle Chinese: sju

Rime
Character	須
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	虞 (24)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	相俞切
Baxter	sju
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/sɨo/
Pan Wuyun	/sio/
Shao Rongfen	/sio/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/suə̆/
Li Rong	/sio/
Wang Li	/sĭu/
Bernard Karlgren	/si̯u/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	seoi¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]o/

(Zhengzhang): /*so/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	須
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xū
Middle Chinese	‹ sju ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]o/
English	斯須 a short time
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	須
Reading #	1/1
No.	13955
Phonetic component	須
Rime group	侯
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	須
Old Chinese	/*so/

Definitions edit

須

must; have to; should
(alt. form 䇓／𰩧, 𩓣) ^† to wait
(alt. form 需) ^† to need
(literary) to halt; to bring to an end
(literary) to use
(literary, or in compounds) short moment
須臾／须臾 ― xūyú ― in an instant
a surname: Xu

Synonyms edit

(must): 須要／须要 (xūyào)
(to use):

使出 (shǐchū)
使用 (shǐyòng)
利用 (lìyòng)
動用／动用 (dòngyòng)
取用 (qǔyòng)
吸納／吸纳 (xīnà)
善用 (shànyòng) (to put to good use)
套用 (tàoyòng) (to apply mechanically)
實用／实用 (shíyòng)
應用／应用 (yìngyòng)
採用／采用 (cǎiyòng)
採納／采纳 (cǎinà)
搬 (bān) (to apply mechanically)
搬動／搬动 (bāndòng)
施用 (shīyòng)
沿用 (yányòng) (to continue to use)
用 (yòng)
硬套 (yìngtào) (to apply mechanically)
起動／起动 (qǐdòng) (Quanzhou & Xiamen Hokkien)
運用／运用 (yùnyòng)
錄用／录用 (lùyòng)

(to halt):

中斷／中断 (zhōngduàn)
中止 (zhōngzhǐ)
休止 (xiūzhǐ)
停 (tíng)
停歇 (tíngxiē)
停止 (tíngzhǐ)
夭閼／夭阏 (yǎo'è)
干休 (gānxiū) (literary)
放煞 (Min Nan)
斷站／断站 (Min Nan)
斷節／断节 (Min Nan)
暫停／暂停 (zàntíng) (temporarily)
歇 (xiē)
止 (zhǐ) (literary, or in compounds)
止息 (zhǐxī)
止煞 (Min Nan)
煞 (Min Nan)
甘休 (gānxiū) (to be willing to give up)
終止／终止 (zhōngzhǐ)
絕／绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
罷／罢
罷休／罢休 (bàxiū) (chiefly in the negative)
罷手／罢手 (bàshǒu)
間斷／间断
頓／顿

(short moment):

一剎／一刹 (yīchà)
一剎那／一刹那 (yīchànà)
一會兒／一会儿
一目𥍉仔 (chi̍t-ba̍k-nih-á) (Min Nan)
一瞬間／一瞬间 (yīshùnjiān)
剎那／刹那
少刻 (shǎokè)
少時／少时
少頃／少顷 (shǎoqǐng)
時刻／时刻 (shíkè)
有頃／有顷 (yǒuqǐng) (literary)
漏 (lòu) (literary, or in compounds)
片刻 (piànkè)
瞬息 (shùnxī)
瞬間／瞬间 (shùnjiān)
霎時／霎时 (shàshí)
頃刻／顷刻 (qǐngkè)

Usage notes edit

For the sense of "must" or "need to", this word is frequently mistaken with 需 (xū). 須／须 is usually followed by a verb or an adverb while 需 is usually followed by a noun.

Compounds edit

Etymology 2 edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 須 – see 鬚 (“beard; whisker; antenna; feeler; etc.”). (This character, 須, is a variant form of 鬚.)