す
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Japanese edit
Stroke order | |||
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Etymology 1 edit
Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 寸 in the cursive sōsho style.
Pronunciation edit
- During the period from Old through Early Middle Japanese, the pronunciation may have ranged between /su/ and /ɕu/. There are some man'yōgana spellings that use 周, deriving from Middle Chinese 周 (MC tsyuw).
Syllable edit
- The hiragana syllable す (su). Its equivalent in katakana is ス (su). It is the thirteenth syllable in the gojūon order; its position is さ行う段 (sa-gyō u-dan, “row sa, section u”).
Derived terms edit
- ず (zu)
See also edit
The Hiragana script | ||||||||||
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あぁ | かゕがか゚ | さざ | ただ | な | はばぱ | ま | やゃ | らら゚ | わゎわ゙ | ん |
いぃ | きぎき゚ | しじ | ちぢ | に | ひびぴ | み | 𛀆 | りり゚ | ゐ𛅐ゐ゙ | |
うぅゔ | くぐく゚ | すず | つっづ | ぬ | ふぶぷ | む | ゆゅ | るる゚ | 𛄟 | |
えぇ | けゖげけ゚ | せぜ | てで | ね | へべぺ | め | 𛀁 | れれ゚ | ゑ𛅑ゑ゙ | |
おぉ | こごこ゚ | そぞ | とど | の | ほぼぽ | も | よょ | ろろ゚ | を𛅒を゙ | |
Additional symbols
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Etymology 2 edit
Alternative spellings |
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巣 栖 窼 |
From Old Japanese. Found in the Kojiki of 712,[1] and included in the Man'yōshū with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling 須 (su).[2] In turn, from Proto-Japonic *su.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Etymology 3 edit
Alternative spellings |
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酢 醋 酸 |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *su. Ultimate derivation uncertain.
- Perhaps a native Japanese term, with the su reading somehow related to the way that very sour things cause one to pucker.
- Alternatively, from Middle Chinese 醋 (MC tshuH). Borrowed earlier (vinegar was historically introduced to Japan in the 300-400s from China) than the systematic introduction of kanji, thus later mistaken as a native Japanese term. Compare modern Mandarin 醋 (cù) or Cantonese 醋 (cou3).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Derived terms edit
Idioms edit
- 酢が過ぎる (su ga sugiru): “vinegar is excessive, too much vinegar” → doing too much, being excessive
- 酢でさいて飲む (su de saite nomu): “cutting something with vinegar and swallowing it down” → in reference with the ease of cutting a fish, dipping it in vinegar, and eating it: doing something very simple
- 酢でも酒塩でも (su de mo sakashio de mo), 酢でも蒟蒻でも (su de mo konnyaku de mo): (used with a negative verb): “by vinegar or by cooking wine”, “by vinegar or by konjac” → something that cannot be done in the usual fashion, or cannot be done easily
- 酢に当て粉に当て (su ni ate ko ni ate), 酢につけ粉につけ (su ni tsuke ko ni tsuke): “with regard to vinegar and flour”, “about vinegar and flour” → about something, about various things; from time to time
- 酢にも粉にも (su ni mo ko ni mo), 酢にも塩にも (su ni mo shio ni mo), 酢にも蛸にも (su ni mo tako ni mo), 酢にも味噌にも (su ni mo miso ni mo): “about/in vinegar and flour”, “about/in vinegar and salt”, “about/in vinegar and octopus”, “about/in vinegar and miso” → about anything, in anything
- 酢の粉の (su no ko no), 酢の蒟蒻の (su no konnyaku no): “of vinegar, of flour”, “of vinegar, of konjac” → of anything, belonging to anything
- 酢を買う (su o kau), 酢を乞う (su o kou): “to buy vinegar”, “to beg vinegar” → to lose goodwill through excessive sycophancy, to anger someone by saying more than one should; to agitate or instigate, to stir things up
Synonyms edit
- ビネガー (binegā)
Etymology 4 edit
Alternative spellings |
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州 洲 |
From Old Japanese.[6]
Possibly a loanword from Middle Chinese 州 (MC tsyuw).[6]
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
Etymology 5 edit
Alternative spelling |
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為 |
From Old Japanese.
Verb edit
Conjugation edit
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | せ | se | |
Continuative (連用形) | し | si | |
Terminal (終止形) | す | su | |
Attributive (連体形) | する | suru | |
Realis (已然形) | すれ | sure | |
Imperative (命令形) | せよ | seyo | |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | せず | sezu | |
Contrasting conjunction | すれど | suredo | |
Causal conjunction | すれば | sureba | |
Conditional conjunction | せば | seba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | しき | siki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | しけり | sikeri | |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | しつ | situ | |
Perfect tense (natural event) | しぬ | sinu | |
Perfect-continuative tense | せり したり |
seri sitari | |
Volitional | せむ | semu |
Derived terms edit
Etymology 6 edit
The original form of the causative ending. Ultimately cognate with す (su), the ancient form of modern する (suru, “to do”).
In a modern synchronic analysis, sometimes analyzed as a contraction of せる (seru).
Suffix edit
す • (-su) godan (stem し (-shi), past した (-shita))
- (chiefly dialectal and colloquial) Alternative form of せる (seru, “causative suffix”)
Conjugation edit
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | -さ | -sa | |
Continuative (連用形) | -し | -shi | |
Terminal (終止形) | -す | -su | |
Attributive (連体形) | -す | -su | |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | -せ | -se | |
Imperative (命令形) | -せ | -se | |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | - | - | |
Causative | - | - | |
Potential | - | - | |
Volitional | -そう | -sō | |
Negative | -さない | -sanai | |
Negative continuative | -さず | -sazu | |
Formal | -します | -shimasu | |
Perfective | -した | -shita | |
Conjunctive | -して | -shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | -せば | -seba |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | せ | se | |
Continuative (連用形) | せ | se | |
Terminal (終止形) | す | su | |
Attributive (連体形) | する | suru | |
Realis (已然形) | すれ | sure | |
Imperative (命令形) | せよ | seyo | |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | せず | sezu | |
Contrasting conjunction | すれど | suredo | |
Causal conjunction | すれば | sureba | |
Conditional conjunction | せば | seba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | せき | seki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | せけり | sekeri | |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | せつ | setu | |
Perfect tense (natural event) | せぬ | senu | |
Perfect-continuative tense | せたり | setari | |
Volitional | せむ | semu |
References edit
- ^ “巣・栖・窼”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ , text available online here
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 “す 【州・洲】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) [2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)
Old Japanese edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Japonic *su.
Verb edit
す (su)
- to do
- to happen, occur
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3624:
- 和礼乃未夜欲布祢波許具登於毛敞礼婆於伎敝能可多爾可治能於等須奈里
- ware no2mi2 ya yo1pune pa ko2gu to2 omope1reba oki1pe1 no2 kata ni kadi no2 oto2 su nari
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- to be in a state of something
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.- 711–712, Kojiki, (20):
- 佐韋賀波用久毛多知和多理宇泥備夜麻許能波佐夜芸奴加是布加牟登須
- Sawi-gapa yo1 kumo1 tatiwatari Unebi2-yama ko2no2pa sayagi1nu kaze pukamu to2 su
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation edit
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | せ | se | |
Continuative (連用形) | し | si | |
Terminal (終止形) | す | su | |
Attributive (連体形) | する | suru | |
Realis (已然形) | すれ | sure | |
Imperative (命令形) | せよ | seyo | |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | せず | sezu | |
Contrasting conjunction | すれど | suredo | |
Causal conjunction | すれば | sureba | |
Conditional conjunction | せば | seba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | しき | siki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | しけり | sikeri | |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | しつ | situ | |
Perfect tense (natural event) | しぬ | sinu | |
Perfect-continuative tense | せり したり |
seri sitari | |
Volitional | せむ | semu |
Descendants edit
Etymology 2 edit
Attaches to 未然形 (mizenkei, “irrealis or incomplete form”) of 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō, “quadrigrade conjugation”) and サ行変格活用 (sa-gyō henkaku katsuyō, “s-irregular conjugation”) verbs.
Verb edit
す (-su)
- indicates light respect and slight affection
- 711–712, Kojiki, (poem 2):
- ...佐加志賣遠阿理登岐加志弖久波志賣遠阿理登伎許志弖佐用婆比爾阿理多多斯用婆比阿理加用婆勢...
- ...sakasi me1 wo ari to2 ki1kasite kupasi me1 wo ari to2 ki1ko2site sa-yo1bapi1 ni ari tatasi yo1bapi1 ni ari kayo1pase
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 1, poem 1:
- ...此岳尓菜採須兒家吉閑名告紗根...
- ...ko2no2 woka ni na tumasu ko1 ipe1 ki1kana no2rasane...
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Conjugation edit
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | さ | sa | |
Continuative (連用形) | し | si | |
Terminal (終止形) | す | su | |
Attributive (連体形) | す | su | |
Realis (已然形) | せ | se | |
Imperative (命令形) | せ | se | |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | さず | sazu | |
Contrasting conjunction | せど | sedo | |
Causal conjunction | せば | seba | |
Conditional conjunction | さば | saba | |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | しき | siki | |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | しけり | sikeri | |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | しつ | situ | |
Perfect tense (natural event) | しぬ | sinu | |
Perfect-continuative tense | せり したり |
seri sitari | |
Volitional | さむ | samu |
Etymology 3 edit
Possibly cognate with modern Korean 새 (sae, “bird”).
Suffix edit
す (-su)