Alternative formsEdit
- 로 (-ro) – after vowels and ㄹ (l)
- ㄹ로 (-llo) – after vowels, colloquially for certain pronouns
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Korean 으〮로〮 (Yale: -úlwó), from Old Korean 乙留 (*-ulwo).
PronunciationEdit
Romanizations |
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Revised Romanization? | -euro |
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Revised Romanization (translit.)? | eulo |
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McCune–Reischauer? | ŭro |
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Yale Romanization? | ulo |
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으로 • (-euro)
- to, toward: directional case marker, in a physical sense
나무 방향으로 가자. ―
Namu banghyang-euro ga-ja. ―
Let's go toward the direction of the tree.
집으로 가다가 노숙자를 만났다.- Jib-euro gadaga nosukja-reul mannatda.
- I met a homeless person while going home [lit. going towards home].
- into, direction of a change: directional case marker in a metaphorical sense; expresses transformation or direction towards a certain time
사람이 호랑이로 변했다. ―
Saram-i horang'i-ro byeonhaetda. ―
The person turned into a tiger.
나무를 풀로 바꾸자. ―
Namu-reul pul-lo bakkuja. ―
Let's switch out the trees for grass.
올해로 한국어를 배운 지 3년이 됐다. ―
Olhaero han'gugeo-reul bae'un ji 3nyeon-i dwaetda. ―
This year it's been 3 years since I've started learning Korean.
- using, out of; with: instrumental case marker, marking material, instruments, or means of doing something
종이로 옷을 만들어봤다. ―
Jong'i-ro os-eul mandeureo-bwatda. ―
I tried making clothes out of paper.
칼로 돌을 깎았다. ―
Kal-lo dor-eul kkakkatda. ―
I carved the stone with a knife.
오랑캐로 오랑캐를 제어한다. ―
Orangkae-ro orangkae-reul jeeohanda. ―
One controls barbarians using [other] barbarians.
뒷문으로 둘어와. ―
Dwinmuneuro dureowa. ―
Come in through the back door.
- due to; from: instrumental case marker, marking causation
독감으로 돌아가셨다. ―
Dokgam-euro doragasyeotda. ―
He passed away from influenza.
로또로 부자 됐어. ―
Rotto-ro buja dwaesseo. ―
I got rich from the lottery.
- as; as being; in the state of: instrumental case marker, marking state, manner, status, or capacity
몇 년 간 거지로 살았다. ―
Myeot nyeon gan geoji-ro saratda. ―
I lived as a beggar for several years.
좋은 친구로 생각한다. ―
Jo-eun chin'gu-ro saenggak-handa. ―
I consider her as being a good friend.
긍정적으로 생각을 해야 돼. ―
Geungjeongjeogeuro saenggag-eul haeya dwae. ―
You have to think positively.
- as of: instrumental case marker, marking an update in a list of previous events
오늘 부로 너는 지각을 다섯 번 했어.- Oneul bu-ro neo-neun jigag-eul daseot beon haesseo.
- As of today, you've been late five times.
- (archaic) from; egressive case marker, in a physical or chronological sense
1901, 神學月報 [Theological Monthly], volume 4:아홉시로 열두시ᄭᅡ지는 이경이오 十二시로브터 상오 세시ᄭᅡ지는 삼경이라- ahop-si-ro yeoldu-si-kkaji-neun igyeong-io sibi-si-ro-beuteo sang'o se-si-kkaji-neun samgyeong-ira
- From nine to twelve, it is the second watch; from twelve to three in the afternoon, it is the third watch.
- (Gyeongsang) Marks the direct object for certain action verbs, especially verbs that have a direct impact on the object.
- Synonym: (Standard Korean) 을 (-eul)
- Used in various expressions:
- See 으로 하여 (-euro hayeo, “because of; via”).
- See 으로 하여금 (-euro hayeogeum, expresses the agent in a causative construction).
- See 으로 더불어 (-euro deobureo, “together with”).
Usage notesEdit
- Usually in the first sense, 으로 (-euro) is more indirect as it expresses going towards a certain direction or a certain location. 에 (-e) on the other hand, expresses a direct location, which is similar to 를 (-reul).
- In this directional sense, only 으로 (-euro) can be used with expressions ending with 쪽 (jjok). Using 에 (-e) in such case would result in a locative sense.
Derived termsEdit