-d

See also: Appendix:Variations of "d"

English

Suffix

-d

1. Alternative form of -ed now only standard with words which end in -e, but historically permissable in all the same places as -ed.

   bone → boned, pirouette → pirouetted, learn → learnd

2. An empty suffix, perhaps derived from the past-tense suffix above, added in some dialects to the present tense forms of some words which then add an additional -ed in the past tense.

   damn → damnd (→ damnded), drown → drownd (→ drownded)

3. Marks ordinals written in digits when the final term of the spelled number is "second" or "third"

   2d grade; 23d century

Synonyms

• (marking ordinals ending with "second"): -nd
• (marking ordinals ending with "third"): -rd

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-t, from Proto-Uralic *-t.

Suffix

-d

1. (case suffix) Forms the nominative and accusative plural.

   ‎elu (“life”) + ‎-d → ‎elud (“lives”)

Faroese

Etymology

From Old Norse -d, -ð, from Proto-Germanic *-iþō.

Suffix

-d f (genitive -dar, plural -dir)

1. -th, -ness

Declension

f2	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-d	-din	-dir	-dirnar
accusative	-d	-dina	-dir	-dirnar
dative	-d	-dini	-dum	-dunum
genitive	-dar	-darinnar	-da	-danna

Derived terms

Faroese terms suffixed with -d

nøgd

samkynd

stødd

yngd

Fula

Affix

-d

1. (Pulaar) indicates that the action is performed with someone or something

   ‎haalde (“to say, speak”) + ‎-d → ‎haaldude (“to talk to each other, negotiate, transact”)

Usage notes

• placed between the verb stem and the ending

References

• M. Niang, Pulaar-English English-Pulaar Standard Dictionary, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997.

Hungarian

Etymology 1

From the *mtᴕ̈ second-person personal pronoun of the ancestor language after it was appended to the base word.

Suffix

-d

2. (possessive suffix) your (second-person singular informal, single possession)

   hajó (“boat”) → a hajód (“your boat”)

   kocsi (“car”) → a kocsid (“your car”)

   palota (“palace”) → a palotád (“your palace”)

   érme (“coin”) → az érméd (“your coin”)

4. (personal suffix) Second-person singular personal suffix:
   1. Definite forms of transitive verbs (followed by a linking vowel in indicative present/past and subjunctive moods; with no linking vowel in conditional mood).

      ‎tud (“to know”) → ‎tudod, tudtad, tudjad, tudnád (“you know / knew / should know / would know it”)

      ‎kér (“to ask [for sth]”) → ‎kéred, kérted, kérjed, kérnéd (“you ask / asked / should ask / would ask for it”)

   3. Combined form of a covert (∅) allophone of -j (subjunctive suffix) and the regular suffix -(a/e)d (above), marking the short form of the above person of the definite subjunctive (attached directly to a verb stem).

      ‎tud + ‎-d → ‎tudd (= tudjad (“you should know it”)

      ‎kér + ‎-d → ‎kérd (= kérjed) (“you should ask for it”)

   5. Forming conjugated infinitives (here: “for you to do sth”).

      ‎tanulni (“to study”) + ‎-d → ‎tanulnod kell (“you need to study”, literally “for_you_to_study is_necessary”)

      Csak kérned kell. ― All you have to do is ask [for it]. (literally, “only for_you_to_ask is_necessary”)

   6. Declined and postpositional forms of the second-person personal pronoun te (“you”).

      ‎-ban/-ben (“in”) + ‎-d → ‎benned (“in you”)

      ‎elé (“in front of”) + ‎-d → ‎eléd (“in front of you”)

Usage notes

• (possessive suffix) Variants:

  -d is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.

  -ad is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -od is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -ed is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant

  -öd is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant

• (personal suffix) See variants in the table below.

    Subjunctive/imperative definite – personal endings

Person		Back    vowel	Front    vowel
én	1st person singular	-jam	-jem
te	2nd person singular	-d
	long form	-jad	-jed
ő maga / ön	3rd person singular	-ja	-je
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-jétek
ők maguk / önök	3rd person plural	-ják	-jék
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.
Verb ending	Assimilation rules of -j
s sz z dz	The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.)
st szt	The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   fáraszt →‎ fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd.
long vowel + t or consonant + t	The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd.
short vowel + t	Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd.

Etymology 2

It can be traced back to Proto-Finno-Ugric *-nt.

Suffix

-d

2. (noun-forming suffix) Originally, it was probably a diminutive suffix. In this sense, it is no longer productive. It can be found in place names, given names, and a few other words.

   apró (“tiny”) → apród (“page boy”)

   gyenge (“weak”) → gyengéd (“gentle”)

   Árpád (“a male given name”)

4. (verb-forming suffix) A frequentative suffix or denoting the beginning of a process.

   -dék

   imád

   szenved

6. (fraction-forming suffix) Added to a cardinal number to form a fraction. It is used with a linking vowel, see -ad, -od, -ed, -öd.

   száz (“hundred”) → század (“hundredth”)

Derived terms

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -d

apród

Előd

Emőd

utód

Hungarian adjectives suffixed with -d

gyengéd

rövid

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -d

áld

eped

ered

esd

hord

ijed

imád

kezd

kérd

küld

küzd

mered

mond

old

száguld

told

See also

• Category:Hungarian noun forms
• Appendix:Hungarian possessive suffixes

Lushootseed

Suffix

-d

1. denotes an action performed on someone or something else (transitive suffix; allows for a direct complement patient, creating a patient-oriented verb)

Middle English

Etymology 1

Suffix

-d

1. Alternative form of -th

Etymology 2

Suffix

-d

1. Alternative form of -the (ordinal suffix)

Ojibwe

Final

-d

1. act on

Derived terms

• apakwaadan

See also

• -aad
• -N

References

• The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/d-final

Suffix

-d

1. A suffix denoting the third-person singular conjunct form of an animate intransitive verb (vai)
2. A suffix denoting the third-person singular conjunct form of an animate intransitive verb with an object (vai+o)
3. A suffix denoting the third-person singular conjunct form of a Type 3 inanimate transitive verb (vti3)
4. A suffix denoting the third-person singular to first-person singular conjunct form of a transitive animate verb (vta) with Cw ending

See also

• -ang
• -id
• -k
• -ng
• -ood

Swedish

Suffix

-d

1. Suffix to form the past participle of weakly inflected verbs, to be used when the corresponding participle belongs with a common noun in indefinite singular form.

See also

• -t
• -de