-ja
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ja"
EnglishEdit
SuffixEdit
-ja
- (colloquial, used only after a /d/ sound) You, ya.
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
AnagramsEdit
EmilianEdit
PronunciationEdit
PronounEdit
-ja (personal, nominative case)
- (enclitic) Alternative form of a
Related termsEdit
Emilian personal pronouns (weak forms)
| Number | Person | Gender | Proclitic | Enclitic | Aphetic | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | A | D | R | N | A | D | R | N | A | D | R | |||
| Singular | First | — | aj- | m’ | -ja | -em | -ja | -m | ||||||
| Second | — | t- | t’ | -et | -t | |||||||||
| Third | Masculine | l- | g’ | s’ | -el | -eg | -es | -l | -g | -s | ||||
| Feminine | l’ | -la | -la | |||||||||||
| Plural | First | — | aj- | s’ | -ja | -es | -ja | -s | ||||||
| Second | — | aj- | v’ | -ev | -v | |||||||||
| Third | Masculine | j- | g’ | s’ | -i | -eg | -es | -j | -g | -s | ||||
| Feminine | elj- | -li | -li | |||||||||||
EstonianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-ja, from Proto-Uralic *-ja. Cognate with Finnish -ja.
SuffixEdit
-ja (genitive -ja, partitive -jat)
- -er; appended to verbal stems to form agent nouns, especially human ones
DeclensionEdit
Inflection of -ja (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ja | -jad |
| accusative | -ja | -jad |
| genitive | -ja | -jate |
| partitive | -jat | -jaid |
| illative | -jasse | -jatesse -jaisse |
| inessive | -jas | -jates -jais |
| elative | -jast | -jatest -jaist |
| allative | -jale | -jatele -jaile |
| adessive | -jal | -jatel -jail |
| ablative | -jalt | -jatelt -jailt |
| translative | -jaks | -jateks -jaiks |
| terminative | -jani | -jateni |
| essive | -jana | -jatena |
| abessive | -jata | -jateta |
| comitative | -jaga | -jatega |
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-ja
FinnishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *-ja, from Proto-Uralic *-ja. Compare Erzya -я (-ja) in Erzya неия (ńejija, “I have seen”).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ja (front vowel harmony variant -jä)
- Forms agent nouns, especially human ones; -er
Usage notesEdit
- If the stem ends in -e-, this changes to -i- before adding -ja.
- juokse- + -ja → juoksija
- näyttele- + -ja → näyttelijä
DeclensionEdit
The original verb affects the declension type of the derivation.
If the -ja ending is preceded by -i-, it is declined as type 12 (kulkija) (verbs of type 62 (voida) are an exception, however).
| Inflection of -ja (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ja | -jat | ||
| genitive | -jan | -joiden -joitten | ||
| partitive | -jaa | -joita | ||
| illative | -jaan | -joihin | ||
| singular | plural | |||
| nominative | -ja | -jat | ||
| accusative | nom. | -ja | -jat | |
| gen. | -jan | |||
| genitive | -jan | -joiden -joitten -jainrare | ||
| partitive | -jaa | -joita | ||
| inessive | -jassa | -joissa | ||
| elative | -jasta | -joista | ||
| illative | -jaan | -joihin | ||
| adessive | -jalla | -joilla | ||
| ablative | -jalta | -joilta | ||
| allative | -jalle | -joille | ||
| essive | -jana | -joina | ||
| translative | -jaksi | -joiksi | ||
| instructive | — | -join | ||
| abessive | -jatta | -joitta | ||
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | |||
Otherwise, it is declined as type 10 (koira).
| Inflection of -ja (Kotus type 10/koira, no gradation) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ja | -jat | ||
| genitive | -jan | -jien | ||
| partitive | -jaa | -jia | ||
| illative | -jaan | -jiin | ||
| singular | plural | |||
| nominative | -ja | -jat | ||
| accusative | nom. | -ja | -jat | |
| gen. | -jan | |||
| genitive | -jan | -jien -jainrare | ||
| partitive | -jaa | -jia | ||
| inessive | -jassa | -jissa | ||
| elative | -jasta | -jista | ||
| illative | -jaan | -jiin | ||
| adessive | -jalla | -jilla | ||
| ablative | -jalta | -jilta | ||
| allative | -jalle | -jille | ||
| essive | -jana | -jina | ||
| translative | -jaksi | -jiksi | ||
| instructive | — | -jin | ||
| abessive | -jatta | -jitta | ||
| comitative | See the possessive forms below. | |||
| Possessive forms of -ja (type koira) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
GaroEdit
AffixEdit
-ja
- Used on a verb before the case marker to indicate negation.
GothicEdit
RomanizationEdit
-ja
- Romanization of -𐌾𐌰
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ja
- Possessive (and genitive) suffix: [from 1055]
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
- ház → (a) háza, az ő háza (“his/her/its house”) élet → (az) élete, az ő élete (“his/her/its life”) barát → (a) barátja (“his/her/its friend”) kapu → (a) kapuja (“his/her/its gate”) palota → (a) palotája (“his/her/its palace”) kert → (a) kertje (“his/her/its garden”) betű → (a) betűje (“his/her/its letter”) vese → (a) veséje (“his/her/its kidney”)
- (with a singular possessor) …-'s, of … (third-person singular, single possession)
- Anna háza (“Anna’s house”), a felkelő nap háza (“the house of the rising sun”) Anna élete (“Anna’s life”), a város élete (“the life of the city”) a király palotája (“the king’s palace”) a ház kapuja (“the gate of the house”) Anna kertje (“Anna’s garden”), a tulipán kertje (“the garden of the tulip”)
- (with a plural possessor) …-s’, of …-s (third-person plural, single possession)
- a szüleim háza (“my parents’ house”), a trópusi növények háza (“[the] house of [the] tropical plants”, literally “the tropical plants’ house”) a szüleim élete (“my parents’ lives”, literally “my parents’ life”), a könyvek élete (“[the] lives of [the] books”, literally “the books’ life”) az uralkodók palotája (“the rulers’ palace”) a szüleim kertje (“my parents’ garden”), Az elágazó ösvények kertje (“The Garden of Forking Paths”)
- (with instantaneous time expressions) … ago (referring to a preceding point in time considered as an instant)
- (with durative time expressions) for … (referring to some duration that precedes the point of time in question)
- Egy évszázada / két éve / egy órája / sok/hosszú ideje várunk rád. ― We have been waiting for you for a century / two years / an hour / a long time.
- (mostly with quantities, often following -ik) of …, out of … (partitive sense)
- Synonym: (only with countable quantities) közül
- jó (jav-) (“the greater/better part”) → a java még hátravan (“the best/bulk is yet to come”, literally “its best/bulk is…”)
- legnagyobbik (“the biggest one”) → a bikák legnagyobbika (“the biggest [one] of the bulls”, synonymous with a legnagyobb bika)
- (with no possessor or with the 3rd‑person pronoun as possessor, usually construed with the definite article) his, her, its …
Usage notesEdit
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -a is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -e is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -ja is added to back-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-; final -o changes to -ó-.
- -je is added to front-vowel words ending in a consonant or a vowel. Final -e changes to -é-; final -ö changes to -ő-.
- This suffix (in all forms) is normally used for the third-person singular possessive (single possession) but, after an explicit plural possessor, it also expresses the third-person plural possessive (single possession), e.g. “the children’s ball” (a gyerekek labdája). If the possessor is implicit (not named, only marked by a suffix), the plural possessive suffix must be used, e.g. “their ball” (a labdájuk, see -juk and its variants).
DeclensionEdit
| Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, back harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | -ja | — |
| accusative | -ját | — |
| dative | -jának | — |
| instrumental | -jával | — |
| causal-final | -jáért | — |
| translative | -jává | — |
| terminative | -jáig | — |
| essive-formal | -jaként | — |
| essive-modal | -jául | — |
| inessive | -jában | — |
| superessive | -ján | — |
| adessive | -jánál | — |
| illative | -jába | — |
| sublative | -jára | — |
| allative | -jához | — |
| elative | -jából | — |
| delative | -járól | — |
| ablative | -jától | — |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
-jáé | — |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
-jáéi | — |
SuffixEdit
-ja
- (personal suffix) Used to form the definite third-person singular present tense of back-vowel verbs (with identical or different assimilation rules depending on the ending of the stem—see the tables below):
- in indicative mood and
- in subjunctive (imperative) mood.
- megtud (“to find out”) → tudja meg! (“[formal] Find it out! or Let him/her find it out!”)
- tartalmaz (“to contain”) → tartalmazza! (“it should contain [that] or let it contain [that]”)
- tart (“to hold, keep”) → tartsa! (“[formal] hold/keep him/her/it! or s/he should hold/keep him/her/it! or let him/her hold/keep him/her/it!”)
Usage notesEdit
- (personal suffix) The j assimilates to the final s, sz, z, dz. See harmonic variants in the tables below.
Present tense definite – personal endings
| Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||
| én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
| te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
| ő maga ön |
3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular |
-ja | -i | |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | |
| ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural |
-ják | -ik | |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
Subjunctive/imperative definite – personal endings
| Person | Back vowel |
Front vowel | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| én | 1st person singular | -jam | -jem | |
| te | 2nd person singular | -d | ||
| long form | -jad | -jed | ||
| ő maga / ön |
3rd person singular | -ja | -je | |
| mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
| ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -jétek | |
| ők maguk / önök |
3rd person plural | -ják | -jék | |
| See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
| Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | |||
| s sz z dz |
The -j assimilates to the verb ending: keres → keress metsz → metssz hoz → hozz edz → eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | |||
| st szt |
The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz: fest → fess fáraszt → fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | |||
| long vowel + t or consonant + t |
The -j becomes -s: segít → segíts bont → bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | |||
| short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s: mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. | |||
See alsoEdit
MalteseEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
See the lemma.
SuffixEdit
-ja
- Alternative form of -a (feminine, plural, or singulative ending), used with stems ending in -i, -j.
Etymology 2Edit
From Arabic يَ (ya), alternative form of ي (-ī).
SuffixEdit
-ja
- Alternative form of -i (1st-person singular non-verbal pronominal suffix), used with stems ending in vowels or diphthongs.
MaquiritariEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-ja
- forms a tag question, requesting confirmation: right?
Usage notesEdit
This morpheme is properly a clitic rather than a suffix.
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
-ja
- expresses complaint about the term it attaches to
ReferencesEdit
Murui HuitotoEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-ja
- Alternative form of -a
ReferencesEdit
- Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.[1], Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 134
Serbo-CroatianEdit
SuffixEdit
-ja (Cyrillic spelling -ја)
- Suffix appended to words to create a masculine noun, usually denoting a profession, performer or a feature, usually negative.