-r

See also: Appendix:Variations of "r"

Chuukese

Suffix

-r

1. (indirect object suffix) them

Estonian

Etymology

Mostly borrowed from Old Norse -ari (“suffix used to create agent nouns from verbs”). Cognate to Finnish -ari, -uri.

Suffix

-r (genitive -ri, partitive -rit)

1. Forms various agent nouns.

   kala "fish" → kalur "fisherman"

   tuupima "to study excessively" → tuupur "nerd"

   surfama "to surf" → surfar "surfer"

   õppima "to learn" → õppur "learner"

   rokk "rock music" → rokkar "rocker"

Declension

Declension of -r (ÕS type 2/õpik, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-r	-rid
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-ri
genitive			-rite
partitive		-rit	-reid
illative		-risse	-ritesse -reisse
inessive		-ris	-rites -reis
elative		-rist	-ritest -reist
allative		-rile	-ritele -reile
adessive		-ril	-ritel -reil
ablative		-rilt	-ritelt -reilt
translative		-riks	-riteks -reiks
terminative		-rini	-riteni
essive		-rina	-ritena
abessive		-rita	-riteta
comitative		-riga	-ritega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -r

andur

ettur

häkker

juuksur

kalur

pidur

sidur

sõdur

tuupur

võlur

õppur

Finnish

Suffix

-r

1. Alternative form of -ra

Suffix

-r

1. Alternative form of -re

Hungarian

Suffix

-r

1. (frequentative suffix, obsolete) Added to a stem to form a verb expressing a (quickly) repeating action. No longer productive. It can be found in obscured derivatives, e.g. tántorog, kever.
2. (nominal-forming suffix, obsolete) Originally it was added to nouns primarily as a diminutive suffix. Today it can be found only in obscured derivatives, e.g. tompor. No longer productive.

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -r

akar

csavar

dicsér

habar

hadar

hever

ismer

kanyar

kapar

kavar

kever

kísér

kotor

sodor

takar

vakar

zavar

Hungarian nouns suffixed with -r

avar

csokor

fodor

hunyor

modor

tompor

References

• -r in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN.  (See also its 2nd edition.)

Irish

Etymology

From the Old Irish ro- (perfective prefix).

Suffix

-r

1. A suffix added to certain preverbs and subordinating conjunctions when these occur with past tense verbs, and in the past/conditional copular form of these preverbs and conjunctions.

Derived terms

Irish terms suffixed with -r

ar

cár

char

gur

murar

nár

níor

sular

Old Norse

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Suffix

-r

1. denotes the nominative singular of adjectives, masculine a-stem, i-stem, u-stem, and an-stem, as well as feminine ijo-stem nouns
2. denotes the nominative and accusative plurals of r- and consonant stem nouns

Declension

Strong declension of adjectives

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	-r	-	-t
accusative	-an	-a	-t
dative	-um	-ri	-u
genitive	-s	-rar	-s
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	-ir	-ar	-
accusative	-a	-ar	-
dative	-um	-um	-um
genitive	-ra	-ra	-ra

Declension of -r (strong a-stem)

masculine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-r	-rinn	-ar	-arnir
accusative	-	-inn	-a	-ana
dative	-i	-inum	-um	-unum
genitive	-s	-sins	-a	-anna

Declension of -r (weak an-stem)

masculine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-i	-inn	-ar	-arnir
accusative	-a	-ann	-a	-ana
dative	-a	-anum	-um	-unum
genitive	-a	-ans	-a	-anna

Declension of -r (strong i-stem, s and ar-genitives)

masculine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-r	-rinn	-ir	-irnir
accusative	-	-inn	-i	-ina
dative	-	-inum	-um	-unum
genitive	-ar, -s	-arins, -sins	-a	-anna

Declension of -r (strong u-stem)

masculine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-r	-rinn	-ir	-irnir
accusative	-	-inn	-u	-una
dative	-i	-inum	-um	-unum
genitive	-ar	-arins	-a	-anna

Declension of -r (strong ijō-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-r	-rin	-ar	-arnar
accusative	-i	-ina	-ar	-arnar
dative	-i	-inni	-um	-unum
genitive	-ar	-arinnar	-a	-anna

Descendants

• Icelandic: -ur
• Faroese: -ur
• Middle Norwegian: -r, -er
• Old Swedish: -er

Etymology 2

Inherited from Proto-Norse -ᛁᛉ (-iʀ).

Suffix

-r

1. (no longer productive, with i-mutation) -ed, forms adjectives from nouns

   ‎auga (“eye”) + ‎-r → ‎eygr (“eyed”)

Swedish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /r/

Suffix

-r

1. Suffix for the indefinite plural form of some of the nouns of the third declension, chiefly if they end in a stressed vowel except -e or -i, or if it ends in an unstressed -e.
2. Suffix for the present tense, active voice, indicative mood (all persons) for a small number of Swedish verbs which ends in a vowel except -a in the infinitive; formally also for a large part of those verbs which do end in -a in infinitive.

   Hon går. ― She walks.

   Vi dansar ― We dance.

Usage notes

• The modern treatment is to consider also the verbs which in present tense ends in -ar to use the suffix -r, even though they frequently are denoted -ar-verbs, as if the suffix would be -ar. However, the -a- is rather interpreted as being part of the stem of the verb.
• In more casual – especially written – language, the subject is sometimes dropped in the present tense (as well as in other tenses). If the subject is assumed to be jag (I), then "Sitter på balkongen och dricker kaffe" ("Sitting on the balcony, drinking coffee" – natural-sounding) is literally "Sit on the balcony and drink coffee," but less ambiguous, since sitter (sit) and dricker (drink) are distinctly present tense. Compare "(He) sits on the balcony and drinks coffee," which is also less ambiguous. Swedish uses the same inflection for all subjects.

See also

plural suffix

• -or
• -ar
• -er
• -n

present tense suffix

• -er

Turkish

Suffix

-r

Post-vocalic form of -er.

1. Simple present tense suffix.

   oku(-mak) – okur

   (to) read – he/she/it reads

Usage notes

• Personal suffixes are added after "-r".

  oku + -r + -um = okurum (I read)

  oku + -r + -sun = okursun (you read)

  oku + -r = okur (he/she/it reads)

  oku + -r + -uz = okuruz (we read)

  oku + -r + -sunuz = okursunuz (you read)

  oku + -r + -lar = okurlar (they read)

• If the verb ends in a consonant, then this suffix becomes "-ar", "-er", "-ır", "-ir", "-ur" or "-ür"

  -ar: yap – yapar, çık – çıkar, kon – konar, sun – sunar

  -er: et – eder, git – gider, sön – söner, büz – büzer

  -ır: kal – kalır, çıldır – çıldırır

  -ir: gel – gelir, veril – verilir

  -ur: ol – olur, bul – bulur

  -ür: gör – görür, ölün – ölünür