User:Bezimenen/Slavic-Germanic grammatical parallels
Standard Average European features
editSee SAE (by B. Worf). NB: Not limited only to Slavic and Germanic.
Articles
edit▷ West Germanic: prepositional particle
- ○ Deutsch: definite der, die, das; indefinite ein, eine, ein
- ○ Franconian: definitive de, het; indefinite een
- ○ English: definite the; indefinite a/an
▷ Nordic Germanic: postpositional enclitic for definitive, prepositional particle for indefinite
▷ Balkan Slavic: postpositional enclitic, only for definitive purposes
- Referential:
- cataphoric *-vъ, *-va, *-vo
- anaphoric *-jь, *-ja, *-jе (only with adjectives)
- Demonstrative:
- standard *-tъ, *-ta, *-to
- remote *-nъ, *-na, *-no
- direct *-sь, *-si, *-se
Modal particles
edit▷ Germanic: mal, doch, wohl, etc.
▷ Balkan Slavic: emphatic бе, де, же (be, de, že), assertive ба, да, га (ba, da, ga), etc.
Verbal grammar
editReflexive
editMeaning | Slavic | Deutsch |
---|---|---|
to remember | Bulgarian спомням си (spomnjam si), сещам се (seštam se) | erinnern sich |
to take a decision | Bulgarian решавам се (rešavam se) | entscheiden sich |
to recover | Bulgarian оправям се (opravjam se), Czech zotavit se | erholen sich |
to feel | Bulgarian чувствам се (čuvstvam se) | fühlen sich |
to fall in love | Bulgarian влюбвам се (vljubvam se) | verlieben sich |
to be located | Bulgarian намирам се (namiram se), Russian находиться (naxoditʹsja) | befinden sich |
Copulative + dative
editMeaning | Slavic | Deutsch |
---|---|---|
to appeal to s.o. | Bulgarian допадам (dopadam) + dat. | gefallen + dat. |
to seem to s.o. | Bulgarian приличам (priličam) + dat. | erscheinen + dat. |
Auxiliary formations
edit- Future:
▷ West Germanic
- ○ Deutsch: intentional werden, assertive sollen, conditional würden
- ○ Franconian: intentional gaan, assertive zullen
- ○ English: desiderative will, intentional be going to, assertive shall
▷ Balkan Slavic: desiderative ще (šte) ~ ќе (ḱe) (< *xъtěti); obs. anticipatory жда (žda) ~ жа (ža) (< *žьdati)
- Perfect / Imperfect:
▷ West Germanic
- ○ Deutsch: active haben; passive sein + infinitive / past participle
- ○ Franconian: active hebben; passive zijn (telic), worden (atelic) + past participle
- ○ English: active have; passive be + past participle
▷ Balkan Slavic: имам (imam) ~ има (ima) + n-participle; съм (sǎm) ~ е (e) + l-participle
Examples:
Deutsch: Jemand hat 10 Buchseiten gelesen.
Deutsch: Jemand hat einen langen Weg überquert.
Bulg: Имам прочетени 10 страници. ― Imam pročeteni 10 stranici.
Bulg: Имам провървяно голямо разстояние. ― Imam provǎrvjano goljamo razstojanie.