sao
Ilocano edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Philippine *sahuq (“words, speech”).
Pronunciation edit
- Hyphenation: sa‧o
Noun edit
sao
- speech
- (linguistics) language
- Iniiloko a sao
- Ilocano language
- word
Derived terms edit
Japanese edit
Romanization edit
sao
Mandarin edit
Romanization edit
sao
- Nonstandard spelling of sāo.
- Nonstandard spelling of sǎo.
- Nonstandard spelling of sào.
Usage notes edit
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Tagalog edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sauq. Compare Kapampangan sau, Tausug sāw, and Malay sauh. Doublet of sawo.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
saó (Baybayin spelling ᜐᜂ) (nautical)
Further reading edit
- “sao”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
Vietnamese edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [saːw˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [ʂaːw˧˧] ~ [saːw˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [ʂaːw˧˧] ~ [saːw˧˧]
Audio (Hồ Chí Minh City) (file)
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle Vietnamese ſao.
Attested in Phật thuyết đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh (佛說大報父母恩重經) as 牢 (MC law) (modern SV: lao), so the older form of the word was *C-raːw (where *C is nonspecific consonant). Even after the sound change *C-r- > /ʂ/ had taken place sometime before 17th century, the use of the phonogram 牢 (MC law) continued, so this morpheme was still commonly spelled such in Nôm texts in the 19th-early 20th century.
Most likely a part of the r-series of demonstratives alongside rày, ri, rứa and ru.
Adverb edit
- why
- 19th century, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Tale of Lục Vân Tiên
- 公浪昆篤𠖈詩
牢空結伴麻𠫾𠓨塲- Công rằng: "Con dốc xuống thi,
Sao không kết bạn mà đi vào trường?" - Công said: "You are here to take the examination,
So why don't you find some companion to go along with?"
- Công rằng: "Con dốc xuống thi,
- 19th century, Nguyễn Đình Chiểu, Tale of Lục Vân Tiên
- how
- Synonyms: răng, làm sao
- Sao tao biết được?
- How should I know?
- Sao làm được hay vậy?
- How did you do that?
- 14th century, Mạc Đĩnh Chi, Giáo tử phú 敎子賦:
- 姉㛪庄𧡊
𡥵丐能𣋀- Chị em chẳng thấy,
Con cái hay sao. - Not caring about one's siblings,
Nor knowing how one's children are.
- Chị em chẳng thấy,
- 15th century, Nguyễn Trãi, “述興 Thuật hứng 2”, in Quốc âm thi tập (國音詩集):
- 固身𪰛谷可𬈋牢
- Có thân thì cóc khá làm sao.
- How could I manage when I'm on my own?
- what; what is it; what now
- whatever
- Sao cũng được.
- Whatever / Anything will do.
See also edit
| Vietnamese demonstratives | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laurence Thompson (1965), Vietnamese Grammar | |||||||||||||||||||
| Unspecified | Close to the speaker or newly introduced |
Remote, already identified | |||||||||||||||||
| PLACE đ- (first register) |
đâu ‘wherever’ |
đây ‘here’ |
đấy ‘there’ | ||||||||||||||||
| REFERENCE n- (second register) |
nào ‘whichever’ |
này ‘this’ |
nọ ‘that’ | ||||||||||||||||
| PROPORTION b- (first register) |
bao ‘to whatever extent’ |
bây ‘to this extent’ |
bấy ‘to that extent’ | ||||||||||||||||
| MANNER s- (first register) v- (second register) |
sao ‘however’ |
vầy ‘this way’ |
vậy ‘that way’ | ||||||||||||||||
| Nguyễn Phú Phong (1992), “Vietnamese Demonstratives Revisited” | |||||||||||||||||||
| D• (Indefinite) |
D1 (Proximal) |
D2 (Medial) |
D3 (Distal) | ||||||||||||||||
| +NOM(inal) | đâu place-what |
đây place-this |
đấy place-that1 |
||||||||||||||||
| ±NOM(inal) | đó (place-)that1 |
kia (place-)that2 | |||||||||||||||||
| –NOM(inal) | nào what |
nầy this |
nấy/ấy that1 |
nọ that2 | |||||||||||||||
| Proximal (*-iː) |
Distal 1 (*-iːʔ) |
Distal 2 (*-əːʔ) |
Distal 3/ Remote (*-ɔːʔ) |
Interrogative (rime was a rounded back vowel) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Place, attributive1 n- |
ni nì này |
nấy | nớ | nọ | nào |
| Place, nominal2 đ- |
đây | đí đấy |
— | đó | đâu |
| Manner r- |
ri rày |
— | rứa | — | ru sao3 |
| Extent 14 b- |
bây | bấy | — | — | bao |
| Extent 25 v- |
vầy | vậy | — | — | — |
| 1 Originally can only follow a nominal (being used attributively), hence nơi này (“this place; here”), nơi nào (“where”) (no longer completely true in the modern language). 2 Can be used on its own/is itself nominal, hence đây (“here”), đâu (“where”). 3 From earlier *C-raːw (where *C is nonspecific consonant). 4 Placed before the head: bây nhiêu (“this much”), bấy nhiêu (“that much”), bao nhiêu (“how much”). 5 Placed after the head: nhanh vầy (“this fast”), nhanh vậy (“that fast/so fast”). | |||||
Adjective edit
- problematic, bad
- Có sao lắm không?
- Is it very bad?
- Không sao đâu.
- No problem.
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
From Middle Vietnamese ſao, from Proto-Vietic *k-raːw. Cognate with Muong khao. Might represent a Kra-Dai or Austronesian substratum, compare Proto-Tai *t.naːwᴬ (“star”), Proto-Hlai *ɾaːw (“star”) and Proto-Austronesian *qajaw (“day”).
It is a semantic loan from English star, in the senses of “celebrity; actor”.
Alternative forms edit
- (Northeastern Vietnam) thao
Noun edit
(classifier vì, ngôi) sao • (𣇟, 牢, 𣋀, 𬁖)
- star (luminous celestial body)
- asterisk
- toán sao ― an "asterisked" math problem (marked with an asterisk); a difficult math problem
Noun edit
(classifier ngôi) sao • (𣇟, 牢, 𣋀, 𬁖)
See also edit
Etymology 3 edit
Sino-Vietnamese word from 抄.
Verb edit
sao
See also edit
Etymology 4 edit
Sino-Vietnamese word from 炒.
Verb edit
sao
West Makian edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
sao
- (transitive) to burn
- (transitive) to roast (over fire)
Conjugation edit
| Conjugation of sao (action verb) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |||
| inclusive | exclusive | |||
| 1st person | tasao | masao | asao | |
| 2nd person | nasao | fasao | ||
| 3rd person | inanimate | isao | dasao | |
| animate | ||||
| imperative | nasao, sao | fasao, sao | ||