Appendix:Dutch Swadesh list
At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
- For further information, including the full final version, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
List
| No. | English | Dutch Nederlands |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ik | IPA: ɪk |
| 2 | you (singular) | jij (informal), u (formal) | IPA: jɛi, IPA: yː |
| 3 | he | hij | IPA: hɛi |
| 4 | we | wij, we | IPA: ʋɛi, IPA: ʋə |
| 5 | you (plural) | jullie | IPA: jʏli |
| 6 | they | zij, ze | IPA: zɛiː, IPA: zə |
| 7 | this | deze, dit | IPA: deːzə, IPA: dɪt |
| 8 | that | die, dat | IPA: di, IPA: dɑt |
| 9 | here | hier | IPA: hiːr |
| 10 | there | daar | IPA: daːr |
| 11 | who | wie | IPA: ʋi |
| 12 | what | wat | IPA: ʋɑt |
| 13 | where | waar | IPA: ʋaːr |
| 14 | when | wanneer | IPA: ʋɑneːr |
| 15 | how | hoe | IPA: hu |
| 16 | not | niet | IPA: nit |
| 17 | all | al,alle | IPA: ɑl, IPA: ˈɑlə |
| 18 | many | veel, menig | IPA: veːl, IPA: meːnəx |
| 19 | some | enkele, sommige | IPA: ˈɛŋkələ, IPA: ˈsɔməɣə |
| 20 | few | weinig | IPA: ˈʋɛinəχ |
| 21 | other | ander | IPA: ˈandər |
| 22 | one | een | IPA: eːn |
| 23 | two | twee | IPA: tʋeː |
| 24 | three | drie | IPA: dri |
| 25 | four | vier | IPA: viːr |
| 26 | five | vijf | IPA: vɛif |
| 27 | big | groot | IPA: ɣroːt |
| 28 | long | lang | IPA: lɑŋ |
| 29 | wide | breed, wijd | IPA: breːt, IPA: ʋɛit |
| 30 | thick | dik | IPA: dɪk |
| 31 | heavy | zwaar, hevig | IPA: zʋaːr, IPA: heːvəx |
| 32 | small | klein | IPA: klɛin |
| 33 | short | kort | IPA: kɔrt |
| 34 | narrow | smal | IPA: smɑl |
| 35 | thin | dun | IPA: dʏn |
| 36 | woman | vrouw | IPA: vrɔu |
| 37 | man (male) | man | IPA: mɑn |
| 38 | man (human) | mens | IPA: mɛns |
| 39 | child | kind | IPA: kɪnt |
| 40 | wife | vrouw, echtgenote | IPA: vrɔu, IPA: ˈɛxtxənoːtə |
| 41 | husband | man, echtgenoot | IPA: mɑn, IPA: ˈɛxtxənoːt |
| 42 | mother | moeder | IPA: ˈmudər |
| 43 | father | vader | IPA: ˈvaːdər |
| 44 | animal | dier | IPA: diːr |
| 45 | fish | vis | IPA: vɪs |
| 46 | bird | vogel | IPA: ˈvoːɣəl |
| 47 | dog | hond | IPA: hont |
| 48 | louse | luis | IPA: lɶys |
| 49 | snake | slang | IPA: slɑŋ |
| 50 | worm | worm | IPA: ʋɔrm |
| 51 | tree | boom | IPA: boːm |
| 52 | forest | woud | IPA: ʋɔut |
| 53 | stick | stok | IPA: stɔk |
| 54 | fruit | fruit, vrucht | IPA: frɶyt, IPA: vrʏxt |
| 55 | seed | zaad | IPA: zaːt |
| 56 | leaf | blad | IPA: blɑt |
| 57 | root | wortel | IPA: ˈʋɔrtəl |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | schors | IPA: sxɔrs |
| 59 | flower | bloem | IPA: blum |
| 60 | grass | gras | IPA: ɣrɑs |
| 61 | rope | touw, koord | IPA: tɔuw, IPA: koːrt |
| 62 | skin | huid | IPA: hɶyt |
| 63 | meat | vlees | IPA: vleːs |
| 64 | blood | bloed | IPA: blut |
| 65 | bone | been | IPA: beːn |
| 66 | fat (noun) | vet | IPA: vɛt |
| 67 | egg | ei | IPA: ɛi |
| 68 | horn | hoorn | IPA: hoːrn |
| 69 | tail | staart | IPA: staːrt |
| 70 | feather | veer | IPA: veːr |
| 71 | hair | haar | IPA: haːr |
| 72 | head | hoofd, kop | IPA: hoːft, IPA: kɔp |
| 73 | ear | oor | IPA: oːr |
| 74 | eye | oog | IPA: oːx |
| 75 | nose | neus | IPA: nøːz |
| 76 | mouth | mond | IPA: mɔnt |
| 77 | tooth | tand | IPA: tɑnt |
| 78 | tongue | tong | IPA: tɔŋ |
| 79 | fingernail | vingernagel | IPA: ˈvɪŋərnaːɣəl |
| 80 | foot | voet | IPA: vut |
| 81 | leg | been | IPA: beːn |
| 82 | knee | knie | IPA: kni |
| 83 | hand | hand | IPA: hɑnt |
| 84 | wing | vleugel | IPA: ˈvløːɣəl |
| 85 | belly | buik | IPA: bɶyk |
| 86 | guts | darmen | IPA: ˈdɑrmə |
| 87 | neck | nek | IPA: nɛk |
| 88 | back | rug | IPA: rʏx |
| 89 | breast | borst | IPA: bɔrst |
| 90 | heart | hart | IPA: hɑrt |
| 91 | liver | lever | IPA: ˈleːvər |
| 92 | to drink | drinken | IPA: ˈdrɪŋkə |
| 93 | to eat | eten | IPA: ˈeːtə |
| 94 | to bite | bijten | IPA: ˈbɛitə |
| 95 | to suck | zuigen | IPA: ˈzɶyɣə |
| 96 | to spit | spuwen | IPA: ˈspywə |
| 97 | to vomit | braken, overgeven | IPA: braːkə, IPA: oːvərɣeːvə |
| 98 | to blow | blazen | IPA: ˈblaːzə |
| 99 | to breathe | ademen | IPA: ˈaːdəmə |
| 100 | to laugh | lachen | IPA: ˈlɑxə |
| 101 | to see | zien | IPA: zin |
| 102 | to hear | horen | IPA: ˈhoːrə |
| 103 | to know | weten | IPA: ˈʋeːtə |
| 104 | to think | denken | IPA: ˈdɛŋkə |
| 105 | to smell | ruiken | IPA: ˈrɶykə |
| 106 | to fear | vrezen | IPA: ˈvreːzə |
| 107 | to sleep | slapen | IPA: ˈslaːpə |
| 108 | to live | leven | IPA: ˈleːvə |
| 109 | to die | sterven | IPA: ˈstɛrvə |
| 110 | to kill | doden | IPA: ˈdoːdə |
| 111 | to fight | vechten | IPA: ˈvɛxtə |
| 112 | to hunt | jagen | IPA: ˈjaːɡə |
| 113 | to hit | slaan, raken | IPA: slaːn, IPA: ˈraːkə |
| 114 | to cut | knippen, snijden | IPA: ˈknɪpə, IPA: ˈsnɛidə |
| 115 | to split | splijten | IPA: ˈsplɛitə |
| 116 | to stab | steken | IPA: ˈsteːkə |
| 117 | to scratch | krabben | IPA: ˈkrɑbə |
| 118 | to dig | graven | IPA: ˈɣraːvə |
| 119 | to swim | zwemmen | IPA: ˈzʋɛmə |
| 120 | to fly | vliegen | IPA: ˈvliɣə |
| 121 | to walk | lopen, stappen | IPA: loːpə, IPA: ˈstɑpə |
| 122 | to come | komen | IPA: ˈkoːmə |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | liggen | IPA: ˈlɪɣə |
| 124 | to sit | zitten | IPA: ˈzɪtə |
| 125 | to stand | staan | IPA: staːn |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | draaien | IPA: ˈdraːjə |
| 127 | to fall | vallen | IPA: ˈvɑlə |
| 128 | to give | geven | IPA: ˈɣeːvə |
| 129 | to hold | houden | IPA: ˈhɔudə |
| 130 | to squeeze | knijpen | IPA: ˈknɛipə |
| 131 | to rub | wrijven | IPA: ˈʋrɛivə |
| 132 | to wash | wassen | IPA: ˈʋɑsə |
| 133 | to wipe | vegen | IPA: ˈveɣə |
| 134 | to pull | trekken | IPA: ˈtrɛkə |
| 135 | to push | duwen | IPA: ˈdywə |
| 136 | to throw | werpen, gooien | IPA: ˈʋɛrpə, IPA: ˈɣoːjə |
| 137 | to tie | vastmaken, binden | IPA: ˈvɑstmaːkə, IPA: bɪndə |
| 138 | to sew | naaien | IPA: ˈnaːjə |
| 139 | to count | tellen | IPA: ˈtɛlə |
| 140 | to say | zeggen | IPA: ˈzɛɣə |
| 141 | to sing | zingen | IPA: ˈzɪŋə |
| 142 | to play | spelen | IPA: ˈspeːlə |
| 143 | to float | zweven | IPA: ˈzʋeːvə |
| 144 | to flow | vloeien | IPA: ˈvlujə |
| 145 | to freeze | vriezen | IPA: ˈvrizə |
| 146 | to swell | zwellen | IPA: ˈzʋɛlə |
| 147 | sun | zon | IPA: zɔn |
| 148 | moon | maan | IPA: maːn |
| 149 | star | ster | IPA: stɛr |
| 150 | water | water | IPA: ˈʋaːtər |
| 151 | rain | regen | IPA: ˈreːɣən |
| 152 | river | rivier | IPA: riˈviːr |
| 153 | lake | meer | IPA: meːr |
| 154 | sea | zee | IPA: zeː |
| 155 | salt | zout | IPA: zɔut |
| 156 | stone | steen | IPA: steːn |
| 157 | sand | zand | IPA: zɑnt |
| 158 | dust | stof | IPA: stɔf |
| 159 | earth | aarde | IPA: ˈaːrdə |
| 160 | cloud | wolk | IPA: ˈʋɔlk |
| 161 | fog | mist, nevel | IPA: mɪst, IPA: ˈneːvəl |
| 162 | sky | lucht, hemel | IPA: lʏxt, IPA: ˈheːməl |
| 163 | wind | wind | IPA: ʋɪnt |
| 164 | snow | sneeuw | IPA: sneːw |
| 165 | ice | ijs | IPA: ɛis |
| 166 | smoke | rook | IPA: roːk |
| 167 | fire | vuur | IPA: ˈvʏːr |
| 168 | ash | as | IPA: ɑs |
| 169 | to burn | branden | IPA: ˈbrɑndə |
| 170 | road | weg | IPA: ʋɛx |
| 171 | mountain | berg | IPA: bɛrx |
| 172 | red | rood | IPA: roːt |
| 173 | green | groen | IPA: ɣrun |
| 174 | yellow | geel | IPA: ɣeːl |
| 175 | white | wit | IPA: ʋɪt |
| 176 | black | zwart | IPA: zʋɑrt |
| 177 | night | nacht | IPA: nɑxt |
| 178 | day | dag | IPA: dɑx |
| 179 | year | jaar | IPA: jaːr |
| 180 | warm | warm | IPA: ʋɑrm |
| 181 | cold | koud | IPA: kɔut |
| 182 | full | vol | IPA: vɔl |
| 183 | new | nieuw | IPA: niːw |
| 184 | old | oud | IPA: ɔut |
| 185 | good | goed | IPA: ɣut |
| 186 | bad | slecht | IPA: slɛxt |
| 187 | rotten | rot | IPA: rɔt |
| 188 | dirty | vuil | IPA: vɶyl |
| 189 | straight | recht | IPA: rɛxt |
| 190 | round | rond | IPA: rɔnt |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | scherp | IPA: sxɛrp |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | stomp, bot | IPA: stɔmp, IPA: bɔt |
| 193 | smooth | glad | IPA: ɣlat |
| 194 | wet | nat | IPA: nɑt |
| 195 | dry | droog | IPA: droːx |
| 196 | correct | juist, correct | IPA: jɶyst, IPA: kɔˈrɛkt |
| 197 | near | dichtbij | IPA: dɪxtˈbɛi |
| 198 | far | ver | IPA: vɛr |
| 199 | right | rechts | IPA: rɛxts |
| 200 | left | links | IPA: lɪŋks |
| 201 | at | aan, te, bij, etc. | IPA: aːn, IPA: tə, IPA: bɛi |
| 202 | in | in | IPA: ɪn |
| 203 | with | met | IPA: mɛt |
| 204 | and | en | IPA: ɛn |
| 205 | if | als, indien | IPA: ɑls, IPA: ɪndin |
| 206 | because | omdat | IPA: ɔmdɑt |
| 207 | name | naam | IPA: naːm |
- Pronunciation :
The pronunciation shown is the standard pronunciation ("AN", formerly named "ABN"). Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the pronunciation shown.
Bibliography
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - ISBN 2-221-05947-6