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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English Crimean Tatarqırımtatar tili edit (231) 1 I (1sg )men 2 you (2sg )sen 3 he , she , it (3sg )o 4 we (1pl )biz 5 you (2pl )siz 6 they (3pl )olar 7 this bu 8 that şu о 9 here mında 10 there anda 11 who kim 12 what ne 13 where qayda 14 when qaçan 15 how nasıl 16 not degil 17 all bütün ep episi 18 many çoq 19 some bazı bir qaç 20 few az 21 other başqa diger 22 one bir 23 two eki 24 three üç 25 four dört 26 five beş 27 big büyük 28 long uzun 29 wide keñ keniş 30 thick qalın 31 heavy ağır 32 small kiçik 33 short qısqa 34 narrow tar 35 thin ince 36 woman qadın 37 man (adult male)erkek aqay 38 man (human being)insan adam kişi 39 child bala 40 wife apay 41 husband aqay 42 mother ana 43 father ata 44 animal ayvan 45 fish balıq 46 bird quş 47 dog köpek it 48 louse bit 49 snake yılan 50 worm qurt 51 tree terek 52 forest orman 53 stick çubuq 54 fruit meyva yemiş 55 seed urluq tuhum 56 leaf yaprak 57 root tamır 58 bark (of a tree)qabuq 59 flower çiçek 60 grass ot 61 rope arqan yip sıcım 62 skin teri 63 meat et 64 blood qan 65 bone kemik süyek 66 fat (noun)yağ may 67 egg yımırta 68 horn müyüz boynuz 69 tail quyruq 70 feather tük 71 hair saç qıl 72 head baş 73 ear qulaq 74 eye köz 75 nose burun 76 mouth ağız 77 tooth tiş 78 tongue (organ)til 79 fingernail tırnaq 80 foot ayaq 81 leg bacaq 82 knee tiz 83 hand el 84 wing qanat 85 belly qursaq qarın 86 guts iç bağırsaq 87 neck boyun 88 back arqa sırt 89 breast köküs kökrek 90 heart yürek 91 liver qara ciger 92 to drink içmek 93 to eat aşamaq 94 to bite tişlemek 95 to suck emmek 96 to spit tükürmek 97 to vomit qusmaq 98 to blow esmek üfürmek 99 to breathe nefes almak 100 to laugh külmek 101 to see körmek 102 to hear eşitmek 103 to know bilmek 104 to think tüşünmek 105 to smell qoqlamaq 106 to fear qorqmaq 107 to sleep yuqlamaq 108 to live yaşamaq 109 to die ölmek 110 to kill öldürmek 111 to fight dögüşmek 112 to hunt avlamaq 113 to hit urmaq 114 to cut kesmek 115 to split yarmaq 116 to stab soqmaq 117 to scratch tırnamaq 118 to dig qazmaq 119 to swim yaldamaq 120 to fly uçmaq 121 to walk yürmek 122 to come kelmek 123 to lie (as in a bed) yatmaq uzanmaq 124 to sit oturmaq 125 to stand turmaq 126 to turn (intransitive) burulmaq 127 to fall tüşmek 128 to give bermek 129 to hold tutmaq 130 to squeeze sıqmaq 131 to rub sürtmek 132 to wash yuvmaq 133 to wipe silmek 134 to pull çekmek 135 to push itemek 136 to throw atmaq 137 to tie bağlamaq 138 to sew tikmek 139 to count saymaq 140 to say demek 141 to sing yırlamaq 142 to play oynamaq 143 to float yaldamaq 144 to flow aqmaq 145 to freeze buzlanmaq 146 to swell şişmek 147 sun küneş 148 moon ay 149 star yıldız 150 water suv 151 rain yağmur 152 river özen neer 153 lake göl 154 sea deñiz 155 salt tuz 156 stone taş 157 sand qum 158 dust toz 159 earth topraq 160 cloud bulut 161 fog tuman 162 sky kök 163 wind yel 164 snow qar 165 ice buz 166 smoke tütün 167 fire ateş ot 168 ash kül 169 to burn yanmaq 170 road yol 171 mountain dağ 172 red qırmızı qızıl 173 green yeşil 174 yellow sarı 175 white beyaz aq 176 black qara siya 177 night gece 178 day kün 179 year yıl sene 180 warm issi 181 cold suvuq 182 full tolu 183 new yañı 184 old eski qart 185 good yahşı eyi 186 bad yaramay yaman 187 rotten çürük 188 dirty kirli 189 straight tüz 190 round tögerek 191 sharp (as a knife)keskin 192 dull (as a knife)toqal 193 smooth tegiz 194 wet dım 195 dry quru 196 correct doğru 197 near yaqın 198 far uzaq 199 right oñ sağ 200 left sol 201 at -da -de -ta -te 202 in -da -de -ta -te 203 with -nen ile 204 and ve 205 if eger 206 because çünki 207 name ad isim
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
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