Appendix:Bengali Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Bengali, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
References edit
- Native speakers and learners
List edit
| № | English | Bengali বাংলা (baṅla) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | আমি (ami) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | তুমি (tumi), আপনি (apni) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | সে (śe) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | আমরা (amra) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | তোমরা (tōmra), আপনারা (apnara) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | তারা (tara) |
| 7 | this | এ (e) |
| 8 | that | ও (ō) |
| 9 | here | এখানে (ekhane) |
| 10 | there | ওখানে (ōkhane) |
| 11 | who | কে (ke) |
| 12 | what | কী (ki) |
| 13 | where | কোথায় (kōthaẏ) |
| 14 | when | কখন (kokhon) |
| 15 | how | কেমন (kemon) |
| 16 | not | না (na) |
| 17 | all | সব (śbo) |
| 18 | many | অনেক (onek) |
| 19 | some | কিছু (kichu) |
| 20 | few | কম (kom) |
| 21 | other | অন্য (onno) |
| 22 | one | এক (ek) |
| 23 | two | দুই (dui) |
| 24 | three | তিন (tin) |
| 25 | four | চার (car) |
| 26 | five | পাঁচ (pãc) |
| 27 | big | বড় (boṛ) |
| 28 | long | লম্বা (lomba) |
| 29 | wide | চওড়া (coōṛa) |
| 30 | thick | মোটা (mōṭa) |
| 31 | heavy | ভারী (bhari) |
| 32 | small | ছোট (chōṭ) |
| 33 | short | বেঁটে (bẽṭe) |
| 34 | narrow | চিপা (cipa) |
| 35 | thin | পাতলা (patola) |
| 36 | woman | মহিলা (mohila) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | পুরুষ (puruś) |
| 38 | man (human being) | মানুষ (manuś) |
| 39 | child | বাচ্চা (bacca) |
| 40 | wife | স্ত্রী (stri), বউ (bou) |
| 41 | husband | স্বামী (śami) |
| 42 | mother | মা (ma), আম্মা (amma) |
| 43 | father | বাবা (baba), আব্বা (abba) |
| 44 | animal | জন্তু (jontu) |
| 45 | fish | মাছ (mach) |
| 46 | bird | পাখি (pakhi) |
| 47 | dog | কুকুর (kukur) |
| 48 | louse | উকুন (ukun) |
| 49 | snake | সাপ (śap) |
| 50 | worm | কৃমি (krimi) |
| 51 | tree | গাছ (gach) |
| 52 | forest | বন (bon) |
| 53 | stick | লাঠি (laṭhi) |
| 54 | fruit | ফল (phol) |
| 55 | seed | বীচি (bici), বীজ (bij) |
| 56 | leaf | পাতা (pata) |
| 57 | root | শিকড় (śikoṛ) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ছাল (chal) |
| 59 | flower | ফুল (phul) |
| 60 | grass | ঘাস (ghaś) |
| 61 | rope | দড়ি (doṛi) |
| 62 | skin | চামড়া (camṛa) |
| 63 | meat | মাংস (maṅśo), গোশত (gōśot) |
| 64 | blood | রক্ত (rokto) |
| 65 | bone | হাড় (haṛ) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | চর্বি (corbi) |
| 67 | egg | ডিম (ḍim) |
| 68 | horn | শিং (śiṅ) |
| 69 | tail | লেজ (lej) |
| 70 | feather | পর (por) |
| 71 | hair | চুল (cul) |
| 72 | head | মাথা (matha) |
| 73 | ear | কান (kan) |
| 74 | eye | চোখ (cōkh) |
| 75 | nose | নাক (nak) |
| 76 | mouth | মুখ (mukh) |
| 77 | tooth | দাঁত (dãt) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | জিভ (jibh), জিহ্বা (jiubha) |
| 79 | fingernail | নখ (nokh) |
| 80 | foot | পা (pa) |
| 81 | leg | পা (pa) |
| 82 | knee | হাঁটু (hãṭu) |
| 83 | hand | হাত (hat) |
| 84 | wing | পাখা (pakha) |
| 85 | belly | পেট (peṭ) |
| 86 | guts | ভুড়ী (bhuṛi) |
| 87 | neck | গলা (gola) |
| 88 | back | পিঠ (piṭh) |
| 89 | breast | বুক (buk) |
| 90 | heart | হৃদয় (hridoẏ) |
| 91 | liver | কলিজা (kolija) |
| 92 | to drink | পান (pan) |
| 93 | to eat | খাওয়া (khaōẇa) |
| 94 | to bite | কামড়ানো (kamṛanō) |
| 95 | to suck | চোষা (cōśa) |
| 96 | to spit | ছ্যাপ (chêp), থুতু (thutu) |
| 97 | to vomit | বমি (bomi) |
| 98 | to blow | ফুঁ দেওয়া (phũ deōẇa) |
| 99 | to breathe | শ্বাস নেওয়া (śśaś neōẇa) |
| 100 | to laugh | হাসা (haśa) |
| 101 | to see | দেখা (dekha) |
| 102 | to hear | শোনা (śōna) |
| 103 | to know | জানা (jana) |
| 104 | to think | ভাবা (bhaba) |
| 105 | to smell | শোঁকা (śō̃ka) |
| 106 | to fear | ভয় করা (bhoẏ kora), ডরা (ḍora) |
| 107 | to sleep | ঘুমানো (ghumanō) |
| 108 | to live | বাঁচা (bãca) |
| 109 | to die | মরা (mora) |
| 110 | to kill | মারা (mara), মেরে ফেলা (mere phela) |
| 111 | to fight | লড়া (loṛa) |
| 112 | to hunt | স্বীকার করা (śikar kora) |
| 113 | to hit | মারা (mara) |
| 114 | to cut | কাটা (kaṭa) |
| 115 | to split | বিভক্ত করা (bibhokto kora) |
| 116 | to stab | ছোরা মারা (chōra mara) |
| 117 | to scratch | খামচানো (khamcanō) |
| 118 | to dig | খোঁড়ানো (khō̃ṛanō) |
| 119 | to swim | সাঁতরানো (śãtranō) |
| 120 | to fly | ওড়া (ōṛa) |
| 121 | to walk | হাঁটা (hãṭa) |
| 122 | to come | আসা (aśa) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | শোয়া (śōẇa) |
| 124 | to sit | বসা (bośa) |
| 125 | to stand | দাঁড়ানো (dãṛanō) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ঘোরা (ghōra) |
| 127 | to fall | পড়া (poṛa) |
| 128 | to give | দেওয়া (deōẇa) |
| 129 | to hold | ধরা (dhora) |
| 130 | to squeeze | চেপ- (cep-) |
| 131 | to rub | ঘষা (ghośa) |
| 132 | to wash | ধোয়া (dhōẇa) |
| 133 | to wipe | মোছা (mōcha) |
| 134 | to pull | টানা (ṭana) |
| 135 | to push | ঠেলা (ṭhela) |
| 136 | to throw | ফেলা (phela) |
| 137 | to tie | বাঁধা (bãdha) |
| 138 | to sew | টাঁকা (ṭãka) |
| 139 | to count | গোনা (gōna) |
| 140 | to say | বলা (bola) |
| 141 | to sing | গাওয়া (gaōẇa) |
| 142 | to play | খেলা (khela) |
| 143 | to float | ভাসা (bhaśa) |
| 144 | to flow | বহা (boha) |
| 145 | to freeze | জমা (joma) |
| 146 | to swell | ফাঁপা (phãpa) |
| 147 | sun | সূর্য (śurjo) |
| 148 | moon | চাঁদ (cãd) |
| 149 | star | তারা (tara) |
| 150 | water | পানি (pani), জল (jol) |
| 151 | rain | বৃষ্টি (briśṭi) |
| 152 | river | নদী (nodi) |
| 153 | lake | হ্রদ (hrod) |
| 154 | sea | সমুদ্র (śomudro) |
| 155 | salt | নুন (nun), লবণ (lobon) |
| 156 | stone | পাথর (pathor) |
| 157 | sand | বালি (bali) |
| 158 | dust | ধুলা (dhula) |
| 159 | earth | মাটি (maṭi) |
| 160 | cloud | মেঘ (megh) |
| 161 | fog | কুয়াশা (kuẏaśa) |
| 162 | sky | আকাশ (akaś) |
| 163 | wind | বাতাস (bataś) |
| 164 | snow | বরফ (boroph) |
| 165 | ice | বরফ (boroph) |
| 166 | smoke | ধোঁয়া (dhō̃ẇa) |
| 167 | fire | আগুন (agun) |
| 168 | ash | ছাই (chai) |
| 169 | to burn | পোড়া (pōṛa) (intransitive), জলা (jola) (transitive) |
| 170 | road | রাস্তা (rasta), পথ (poth) |
| 171 | mountain | পাহাড় (pahaṛ) |
| 172 | red | লাল (lal) |
| 173 | green | সবুজ (śobuj) |
| 174 | yellow | হলুদ (holud) |
| 175 | white | সাদা (śada) |
| 176 | black | কালো (kalō) |
| 177 | night | রাত্রি (ratri), রাত (rat) |
| 178 | day | দিন (din) |
| 179 | year | বছর (bochor) |
| 180 | warm | গরম (gorom) |
| 181 | cold | ঠান্ডা (ṭhanḍa) |
| 182 | full | ভরা (bhora) |
| 183 | new | নতুন (notun) |
| 184 | old | পুরানো (puranō) |
| 185 | good | ভালো (bhalō) |
| 186 | bad | খারাপ (kharap) |
| 187 | rotten | পচা (poca) |
| 188 | dirty | ময়লা (moẏla) |
| 189 | straight | সোজা (śōja) |
| 190 | round | গোল (gōl) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | চোক্ষা (cōkkha) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ভোঁতা (bhō̃ta) |
| 193 | smooth | মসৃণ (mosrin) |
| 194 | wet | ভেজা (bheja) |
| 195 | dry | শুকনা (śukona) |
| 196 | correct | ঠিক (ṭhik) |
| 197 | near | কাছে (kache) |
| 198 | far | দূর (dur) |
| 199 | right | ডান (ḍan) |
| 200 | left | বাঁ (bã), বাম (bam) |
| 201 | at | -এ (-e) |
| 202 | in | -এ (-e) |
| 203 | with | -র সাথে (-ro śathe), -র সঙ্গে (-ro śoṅge) |
| 204 | and | আর (ar), ও (ō), এবং (eboṅ) |
| 205 | if | যদি (jodi) |
| 206 | because | কারণ (karon) |
| 207 | name | নাম (nam) |