Appendix:Avar Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Avar, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| № | English | Avar Авар (Awar) edit (207) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | дун (dun) | /dun/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | мун (mun) | /mun/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | гьев (hew) (masculine), гьей (hej) (feminine), гьеб (heb) (neuter) | /hew/, /hej/, /heb/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | нилӏ (niᵏll) (inclusive), ниж (niž) (exclusive) | /nit͡ɬː/, /niʒ/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | нуж (nuž) | /nuʒ/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | дол (dol) | /doɫ/ |
| 7 | this | гьаб (hab) | /häb/ |
| 8 | that | доб (dob) | /dob/ |
| 9 | here | гьаниб (hanib) | /ˈhä.nib/ |
| 10 | there | доба (doba) | /do.ˈbä/ |
| 11 | who | щив (ššiw) (masculine), щий (ššij) (feminine) | /ʃːiw/, /ʃːij/ |
| 12 | what | щиб (ššib) | /ʃːib/ |
| 13 | where | киб (kib) | /kib/ |
| 14 | when | кида (kida) | /ˈki.dä/ |
| 15 | how | кин (kin) | /kin/ |
| 16 | not | гуро (guro) | /ˈɡu.ro/ |
| 17 | all | киналго (kinalgo) (pl), кинабго (kinabgo) (sg) | /ˈki.näɫ.ɡo/, /ˈki.näb.ɡo/ |
| 18 | many | гӏемер (ʻemer), гӏемераб (ʻemerab), гӏемерал (ʻemeral) | /ʕe.ˈmer/, /ʕe.ˈmer.äb/, /ʕe.ˈmeräɫ/ |
| 19 | some | чанго (čango) | /ˈt͡ʃän.ɡo/ |
| 20 | few | дагь (dah), дагьаб (dahab), дагьал (dahal) | /ˈdäh/, /ˈdäh.äb/, /ˈdäh.äɫ/ |
| 21 | other | батӏияв (batʼijaw) (masculine) | /bä.ˈtʼi.jäw/ |
| 22 | one | цо (co) | /t͡so/ |
| 23 | two | кӏиго (kʼigo) | /ˈkʼi.ɡo/ |
| 24 | three | лъабго (lˢabgo) | /ˈɬäb.ɡo/ |
| 25 | four | ункъго (unqxʼgo) | /ˈʔunq͡χːʼ.ɡo/ |
| 26 | five | щуго (ššugo) | /ˈʃːuɡo/ |
| 27 | big | кӏудияб (kʼudijab) | /kʼu.ˈdi.jäb/ |
| 28 | long | халатаб (xalatab) | /χːä.ˈɫä.täb/ |
| 29 | wide | гӏатӏидаб (ʻatʼidab) | /ʕä.ˈtʼi.däb/ |
| 30 | thick | бицатаб (bicatab) | /bi.ˈt͡sːä.täb/ |
| 31 | heavy | бакӏаб (bakʼab) | /ˈbä.kʼäb/ |
| 32 | small | гьитӏинаб (hitʼinab) | /hi.ˈtʼi.näb/ |
| 33 | short | къокъаб (qxʼoqxʼab) | /ˈq͡χːʼo.q͡χːʼäb/ |
| 34 | narrow | чӏедераб (čʼederab) | /t͡ʃːʼe.ˈde.räb/ |
| 35 | thin | тӏеренаб (tʼerenab) | /tʼe.ˈre.näb/ |
| 36 | woman | чӏужугӏадан (čʼužuʻadan) | /t͡ʃːʼu.ʒu.ʕä.ˈdän/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | бихьинчи (bix̂inči), чи (či) | /bi.ˈxin.t͡ʃi/, /t͡ʃi/ |
| 38 | man (human being) | гӏадан (ʻadan), инсан (insan) | /ʕä.ˈdän/, /ʔin.ˈsan/ |
| 39 | child | лъимер (lˢimer) | /ˈɬi.mer/ |
| 40 | wife | лъади (lˢadi), чӏужу (čʼužu) | /ˈɬːä.di/, /t͡ʃːʼu.ˈʒu/ |
| 41 | husband | рос (ros) | /rosː/ |
| 42 | mother | эбел (ebel) | /ʔe.ˈbel/ |
| 43 | father | эмен (emen) | /ʔe.ˈmen/ |
| 44 | animal | рухӏчӏаголъи (ruḥʳčʼagolˢi), хӏайван (ḥʳajwan) | /ˈruħ.t͡ʃʼä.ɡo.ɬi/, /ħäj.ˈwän/ |
| 45 | fish | ччугӏа (ččuʻa) | /t͡ʃːu.ˈʕä/ |
| 46 | bird | хӏинчӏ (ḥʳinčʼ) | /ħint͡ʃːʼ/ |
| 47 | dog | гьой (hoj) | /hoj/ |
| 48 | louse | нацӏ (nacʼ) | /nät͡sːʼ/ |
| 49 | snake | борохь (borox̂) | /bo.ˈrox/ |
| 50 | worm | хӏапаро (ḥʳaparo) | /ħä.ˈpä.ro/ |
| 51 | tree | гъветӏ (ğʷetʼ) | /ħä.ˈpä.ro/ |
| 52 | forest | рохь (rox̂) | /rox/ |
| 53 | stick | тӏил (tʼil) | /tʼil/ |
| 54 | fruit | пихъ (piqx) | /piq͡χ/ |
| 55 | seed | хьон (x̂on), мугь (muh) | xon/, /muh/ |
| 56 | leaf | тӏамах (tʼamax) | /tʼä.ˈmäχ/ |
| 57 | root | кьибил (kkˡʼibil) | /t͡ɬːʼi.ˈbil/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | хъал (qxal) | /q͡χːäl/ |
| 59 | flower | тӏегь (tʼeh) | /tʼeh/ |
| 60 | grass | хер (xer) | /χːer/ |
| 61 | rope | квар (kʷar) | /kʷär/ |
| 62 | skin | тӏом (tʼom) | /tʼom/ |
| 63 | meat | гьан (han) | /hän/ |
| 64 | blood | би (bi) | /bi/ |
| 65 | bone | ракьа (rakkˡʼa) | /rä.t͡ɬːʼä/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | беэнлъи (beenlˢi), кьаралъи (kkˡʼaralˢi), тӏатӏи (tʼatʼi) | /beˈʔen.ɬi/, /t͡ɬʼːä.ˈrä.ɬi/, /ˈtʼä.tʼi/ |
| 67 | egg | хоно (xono) | /χo.ˈno/ |
| 68 | horn | лӏар (ᵏllar) | /t͡ɬːär/ |
| 69 | tail | рачӏчӏ (raččʼ) | /t͡ɬːär/ |
| 70 | feather | хӏули (ḥʳuli) | /ˈħu.li/ |
| 71 | hair | рас (ras) | /räs/ |
| 72 | head | бетӏер (betʼer) | /be.ˈtʼer/ |
| 73 | ear | гӏин (ʻin) | /ʕin/ |
| 74 | eye | бер (ber) | /ber/ |
| 75 | nose | магӏазукъалал (maʻazuqxʼalal) | /mä.ˈʕä.zu.q͡χːʼä.ɫäɫ/ |
| 76 | mouth | кӏал (kʼal) | /kʼäɫ/ |
| 77 | tooth | гӏус (ʻus) (molar), ца (ca) (incisor) | ʔus/, /t͡sä/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | мацӏ (macʼ) | /mät͡sːʼ/ |
| 79 | fingernail | малъ (malˢ) | /mäɬ/ |
| 80 | foot | хӏетӏе (ḥʳetʼe) | /ħe.ˈtʼe/ |
| 81 | leg | бох (box) | /boχː/ |
| 82 | knee | наку (naku) | /ˈnä.ku/ |
| 83 | hand | квер (kʷer), хъат (qxat) | kʷer/, /q͡χːät/ |
| 84 | wing | кваркьи (kʷarkkˡʼi) | /kʷär.ˈt͡ɬːʼi/ |
| 85 | belly | чехь (čex̂) | /t͡ʃex/ |
| 86 | guts | бакь-кӏач (bakkˡʼ-kʼač), ургьимес (urhimes) | /bät͡ɬːʼkʼät͡ʃʼ/, /ˈʔur.hi.mes/ |
| 87 | neck | габур (gabur) | /ɡä.ˈbur/ |
| 88 | back | мугъ (muğ) | /muʁ/ |
| 89 | breast | керен (keren) | /ke.ˈren/ |
| 90 | heart | ракӏ (rakʼ) | /räkʼ/ |
| 91 | liver | тӏул (tʼul) | /tʼuɫ/ |
| 92 | to drink | гьекъезе (heqxʼeze) | /he.ˈq͡χːʼe.ze/ |
| 93 | to eat | кваназе (kʷanaze) | /kʷä.ˈnä.ze/ |
| 94 | to bite | хӏанчӏизе (ḥʳančʼize) | /ˈħän.t͡ʃʼi.ze/ |
| 95 | to suck | цӏункӏизе (cʼunkʼize) | /ˈt͡sːʼun.kʼi.ze/ |
| 96 | to spit | тузе (tuze) | /ˈtu.ˈze/ |
| 97 | to vomit | лагӏизе (laʻize) | /ˈɫä.ʕi.ze/ |
| 98 | to blow | пузе (puze) | /pu.ˈze/ |
| 99 | to breathe | хӏухьел цӏазе (ḥʳux̂el cʼaze) | /ħu.ˈxel.t͡sːʼä.ze/ |
| 100 | to laugh | релъизе (relˢize) | /ˈre.ɬi.ze/ |
| 101 | to see | бихьизе (bix̂ize) | /ˈbi.xi.ze/ |
| 102 | to hear | рагӏизе (raʻize) | /ˈrä. ʕi.ze/ |
| 103 | to know | лъазе (lˢaze) | /ˈɬä.ze/ |
| 104 | to think | ургъизе (urğize), пикру гьабизе (pikru habize) | /ˈʕur.ʁi.ze/, /ˈpik.ru.hä.bize/ |
| 105 | to smell | махӏ чӏвазе (maḥʳ čʼwaze), сунтӏизе (suntʼize) | /ˈmäħ.t͡ʃʼʷä.ze/, /ˈsːun.tʼi.ze/ |
| 106 | to fear | хӏинкъизе (ḥʳinqxʼize) | /ˈħin.q͡χːʼi.ze/ |
| 107 | to sleep | кьижизе (kkˡʼižize) | /ˈt͡ɬːʼi.ʒi.ze/ |
| 108 | to live | гӏумру гьабизе (ʻumru habize) | /ˈʕum.ru.hä.bi.ze/ |
| 109 | to die | хвезе (xʷeze) | /ˈχʷe.ze/ |
| 110 | to kill | чӏвазе (čʼwaze) | /ˈt͡ʃʷʼä.ze/ |
| 111 | to fight | къеркьезе (qxʼerkkˡʼeze), рагъизе (rağize) | /q͡χːʼer.ˈt͡ɬːʼe.ze/, /ˈrä.ʁi.ze/ |
| 112 | to hunt | чан гьабизе (čan habize) | /ˈt͡ʃän.hä.bi.ze/ |
| 113 | to hit | кьабизе (kkˡʼabize) | /ˈt͡ɬːʼä.bi.ze/ |
| 114 | to cut | къотӏизе (qxʼotʼize) | /ˈq͡χːʼo.tʼi.ze/ |
| 115 | to split | бикьизабизе (bikkˡʼizabize), бикьизе (bikkˡʼize) | /ˈbi.t͡ɬːʼi.ze/, /bi.t͡ɬːʼi.zä.bi.ze/ |
| 116 | to stab | къазабизе (qxʼazabize), хӏунчизабизе (ḥʳunčizabize) | /q͡χːʼä.zä.ˈbi.ze/, /ˈħun.t͡ʃi.zä.bi.ze/ |
| 117 | to scratch | хъарсизе (qxarsize) | /ˈq͡χːär.sːi.ne/ |
| 118 | to dig | бухъизе (buqxize) | /ˈbu.q͡χːi.ze/ |
| 119 | to swim | лъедезе (lˢedeze), лъим ххазе (lˢim xxaze) | /ɬːe.ˈde.ze/, /ˈɬːim.χːä.ze/ |
| 120 | to fly | роржине (roržine) | /ˈror.ʒi.ne/ |
| 121 | to walk | рилълъине (rillˢine), ине (ine), хьвадизе (x̂ʷadize) | /ri.ˈt͡ɬːi.ne/, /ˈʔi.ne/, /ˈxʷä.di.ze/ |
| 122 | to come | рачӏине (račʼine) | /ˈrä.t͡ʃʼi.ne/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | регизе (regize) | /ˈre. ɡi.ze/ |
| 124 | to sit | гӏодор чӏезе (ʻodor čʼeze) | /ʕo.ˈdor.t͡ʃːʼe.ze/ |
| 125 | to stand | рахъун чӏезе (raqxun čʼeze) | /ˈrä.q͡χːun t͡ʃːʼe.ze/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | сверизаризе (sʷerizarize), руссинаризе (russinarize) | /sːʷe.ri.zä.ˈri.ze/, /ˈru.sːi.nä.ri.ze/ |
| 127 | to fall | бортизе (bortize), щапизе (ššapize) | /ˈbor.ti.ze/, /ˈʃːä.pi.ze/ |
| 128 | to give | кьезе (kkˡʼeze) | /ˈt͡ɬʼːe.ze/ |
| 129 | to hold | кквезе (kkʷeze) | /kːʷe.ze/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | данде къазе (dande qxʼaze), тӏаде цузе (tʼade cuze) | /ˈdän.de.q͡χʼːä.ze/, /ˈtʼä.de.t͡su.ze/ |
| 131 | to rub | лӏулӏазе (ᵏlluᵏllaze) | /t͡ɬːu.ˈt͡ɬːä.ze/ |
| 132 | to wash | чуризе (čurize) | /ˈt͡ʃu.ri.ze/ |
| 133 | to wipe | бацӏцӏине (baccʼine) | /ˈbä.t͡sːʼi.ne/ |
| 134 | to pull | цӏазе (cʼaze) | /ˈt͡sːʼä.ze/ |
| 135 | to push | цузе (cuze) | /ˈt͡su.ze/ |
| 136 | to throw | рехизе (rexize) | /ˈre.χːi.ze/ |
| 137 | to tie | бухьине (bux̂ine) | /ˈbu.xi.ne/ |
| 138 | to sew | бухъизе (buqxize) | /ˈbu.q͡χːʼi.ze/ |
| 139 | to count | рикӏкӏине (rikkʼine) | /ˈri.kʼːi.ne/ |
| 140 | to say | абизе (abize) | /ˈʔä.bi.ze/ |
| 141 | to sing | кечӏ ахӏизе (kečʼ aḥʳize) | /ˈket͡ʃʼ.ʔä.ħi.ze/ |
| 142 | to play | хӏазе (ḥʳaze) | /ˈħä.ze/ |
| 143 | to float | лъедон ине (lˢedon ine), лъедине (lˢedine) | /ɬːe.ˈdon.ʔi.ne/, /ˈɬːe.di.ne/ |
| 144 | to flow | чвахизе (čʷaxize) | /ˈt͡ʃʷä.χːi.ze/ |
| 145 | to freeze | цӏорозе (cʼoroze) | /t͡sːʼo.ˈro.ze/ |
| 146 | to swell | гьорозе (horoze) | /ho.ˈro.ze/ |
| 147 | sun | бакъ (baqxʼ) | /bäq͡χːʼ/ |
| 148 | moon | моцӏ (mocʼ) | /mot͡sʼː/ |
| 149 | star | цӏва (cʼwa) | /t͡sːʼʷä/ |
| 150 | water | лъим (lˢim) | /ɬːim/ |
| 151 | rain | цӏад (cʼad) | /t͡sːʼäd/ |
| 152 | river | гӏор (ʻor), лъар (lˢar) | /ʕor/, /ɬär/ |
| 153 | lake | хӏор (ḥʳor) | /ħor/ |
| 154 | sea | ралъад (ralˢad) | /rä.ˈɬäd/ |
| 155 | salt | цӏам (cʼam) | /t͡sːʼäm/ |
| 156 | stone | гамачӏ (gamačʼ), гьецӏо (hecʼo) | /ɡä.ˈmät͡ʃʼ/, /he.ˈt͡sʼo/ |
| 157 | sand | сали (sali) | /ˈsä.li/ |
| 158 | dust | хӏур (ḥʳur) | /ħur/ |
| 159 | earth | ракь (rakkˡʼ) | /rät͡ɬːʼ/ |
| 160 | cloud | накӏкӏ (nakkʼ) | /näkʼː/ |
| 161 | fog | хьухь (x̂ux̂), гӏодонакӏкӏ (ʻodonakkʼ) | /xux/, /ʕo.ˈdo.näkːʼ/ |
| 162 | sky | зоб (zob) | /zob/ |
| 163 | wind | гьури (huri) | /huˈri/ |
| 164 | snow | гӏазу (ʻazu) | /ˈʕä.zu/ |
| 165 | ice | цӏер (cʼer) | /t͡sːʼer/ |
| 166 | smoke | кӏкӏуй (kkʼuj) | /kːʼuj/ |
| 167 | fire | цӏа (cʼa) | /t͡sʼä/ |
| 168 | ash | рахъу (raqxu), бухӏун (buḥʳun) | /rä.ˈq͡χːu/, /bu.ˈħun/ |
| 169 | to burn | цӏа рекӏине (cʼa rekʼine), бухӏизе (buḥʳize) | /ˈt͡sʼä.re.kʼi.ne/, /ˈbu.ħi.ze/ |
| 170 | road | нух (nux) | /nuχ/ |
| 171 | mountain | мегӏер (meʻer) | /me.ˈʕer/ |
| 172 | red | багӏараб (baʻarab) | /bä.ˈʕä.räb/ |
| 173 | green | гӏурччинаб (ʻurččinab) | /ʕur.ˈt͡ʃːi.näb/ |
| 174 | yellow | тӏогьилаб (tʼohilab) | /tʼo.ˈhi.läb/ |
| 175 | white | хъахӏаб (qxaḥʳab) | /ˈq͡χːä.ħäb/ |
| 176 | black | чӏегӏераб (čʼeʻerab) | /t͡ʃʼe.ˈʕe.räb/ |
| 177 | night | сордо (sordo) | /sor.ˈdo/ |
| 178 | day | къо (qxʼo) | /q͡χʼːo/ |
| 179 | year | сон (son), лъагӏел (lˢaʻel) | /son/, /ˈɬä.ʕel/ |
| 180 | warm | хинаб (xinab) | /ˈχi.näb/ |
| 181 | cold | цӏорораб (cʼororab) | /t͡sːʼo.ˈro.räb/ |
| 182 | full | цӏураб (cʼurab) | /ˈt͡sʼu.räb/ |
| 183 | new | цӏияб (cʼijab) | /ˈt͡sʼi.jäb/ |
| 184 | old | басрияб (basrijab) | /bäsː.ˈri.jäb/ |
| 185 | good | лъикӏаб (lˢikʼab) | /ˈɬːi.kʼäb/ |
| 186 | bad | квешаб (kʷešab) | /ˈkʷe. ʃäb/ |
| 187 | rotten | махӏцараб (maḥʳcarab) | /ˈmäħ.t͡sä.räb/ |
| 188 | dirty | чорокаб (čorokab), хъубаб (qxubab) | /t͡ʃo.ˈro.käb/, /ˈq͡χːu.bäb/ |
| 189 | straight | битӏараб (bitʼarab), цӏанбитӏараб (cʼanbitʼarab) | /ˈbi.tʼä.räb/, /ˈt͡sːʼän.bi.tʼä.räb/ |
| 190 | round | гургинаб (gurginab) | /ɡur.ˈɡi.näb/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | бегӏераб (beʻerab) | /be.ˈ ʕe.räb/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | тӏехӏараб (tʼeḥʳarab) | /ˈtʼe.ħä.räb/ |
| 193 | smooth | цӏвакараб (cʼwakarab), битӏараб (bitʼarab) | /ˈt͡sːʷʼä.kä.räb/, /ˈbi.tʼä.räb/ |
| 194 | wet | биччараб (biččarab) | /ˈbi.t͡ʃːä.räb/ |
| 195 | dry | бакъвараб (baqxʷʼarab) | /bä.ˈq͡χːʷʼä.räb/ |
| 196 | correct | битӏараб (bitʼarab), ритӏухъаб (ritʼuqxab) | /ˈbi.tʼä.räb/, /ˈri.tʼu.q͡χːʷäb/ |
| 197 | near | гӏагараб (ʻagarab), аскӏосеб (askʼoseb) | /ʕä.ˈ ɡä.räb/, /ʔäsː.ˈkʼo.sːeb/ |
| 198 | far | рикӏкӏадаб (rikkʼadab) | /ˈri.kʼːä.däb/ |
| 199 | right | кваранаб (kʷaranab) | /kʷä.ˈrä.näb/ |
| 200 | left | квегӏаб (kʷeʻab) | /ˈkʷe. ʕäb/ |
| 201 | at | аскӏоб (askʼob), -хъ (-qx) (suffix) | /ʔäsː.ˈkʼob/, /q͡χː/ |
| 202 | in | жаниб (žanib), -лъулӏ (-lˢuᵏll) (suffix), -улъ (-ulˢ) (suffix), -иб (-ib) (suffix), -об (-ob) (suffix) | /ˈʒä.nib/, /-ɬːut͡ɬː/, /-ut͡ɬː/, /-ib/, /-ob/ |
| 203 | with | цадахъ (cadaqx), -гун (-gun) (suffix) | /t͡sä.ˈdäq͡χː/, /-ɡun/ |
| 204 | and | ва (wa), -ги (-gi) (suffix) | /wä/, /-ɡi/ |
| 205 | if | нагагь (nagah), -ани (-ani) (suffix), -ни (-ni) (suffix) | /ˈnä.ɡäh/, /-äni/, /-ni/ |
| 206 | because | щай гурони (ššaj guroni), щай абуни (ššaj abuni), щай гурелъул (ššaj gurelˢul) | /ˈʃːäj.ɡu.ro.ni/, /ʃːäj ˈʔä.bu.ni/, /ʃːäj ˈɡu.re. ɬːul/ |
| 207 | name | цӏар (cʼar) | /t͡sːʼär/ |