Appendix:Standard Mandarin Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Mandarin, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
The list includes Pinyin and IPA transcription.
| № | English | Mandarin 普通話／普通话 (pǔtōnghuà) edit (207) | IPA (key) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 我 (wǒ) | uɔ²¹⁴ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 你 (nǐ) (informal), 您 (nín) (polite) | ni²¹⁴, nin³⁵ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 他 (tā), 她 (tā), 它 (tā) | tʰa⁵⁵, tʰa⁵⁵, tʰa⁵⁵ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 我們／我们 (wǒmen) | uɔ²¹ mən⁰ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 你們／你们 (nǐmen) (informal), 您 (nín) (polite) | ni²¹ mən⁰, nin³⁵ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 他們／他们 (tāmen) | tʰa⁵⁵ mən⁰ |
| 7 | this | 這／这 (zhè, zhèi), 這個／这个 (zhège, zhèige) | tʂɤ⁵¹, tʂei⁵¹, tʂɤ⁵¹ kə⁰, tʂei⁵¹ kə⁰ |
| 8 | that | 那 (nà, nèi), 那個／那个 (nàge, nèige) | na⁵¹, nei⁵¹, na⁵¹ kə⁰, nei⁵¹ kə⁰ |
| 9 | here | 這裡／这里 (zhèli), 這兒／这儿 (zhèr) (Beijing accent) | tʂɤ⁵¹ li⁰, tʂaɻ⁵¹ |
| 10 | there | 那裡／那里 (nàli), 那兒／那儿 (nàr) | na⁵¹ li⁰, naɻ⁵¹ |
| 11 | who | 誰／谁 (shéi, shúi) | ʂei³⁵, ʂuei³⁵ |
| 12 | what | 什麼／什么 (shénme), 哪個／哪个 (nǎge) (which) | ʂən³⁵ mə⁰, na²¹ kə⁰ |
| 13 | where | 哪裡／哪里 (nǎli), 哪兒／哪儿 (nǎr) (Beijing accent) | na³⁵ li⁰, naɻ²¹⁴ |
| 14 | when | 什麼時候／什么时候 (shénmē shíhòu) | ʂən³⁵ mə⁵⁵ ʂʐ³⁵ xou⁵¹ |
| 15 | how | 如何 (rúhé) (formal), 怎麼／怎么 (zěnme) (informal), 怎樣／怎样 (zěnyàng) (in what way) | ʐu³⁵ xɤ³⁵, tsən²¹ mə⁰, tsən²¹ iaŋ⁵¹ |
| 16 | not | 不 (bù) (is not, does not), 別／别 (bié) (do not (imperative)), 沒／没 (méi) (does not have, did not) | pu⁵¹, piɛ³⁵, mei³⁵ |
| 17 | all | 全部 (quánbù) (all of it), 整 (zhěng) (ex. all day), 所有 (suǒyǒu) (ex. all cars), 都 (dōu) (ex. they all see it), 一共 (yīgòng) (ex. how many in all?) | tɕʰyɛn³⁵ pu⁵¹, tʂɤŋ²¹⁴, suɔ³⁵ iou²¹⁴, tou⁵⁵, i³⁵ koŋ⁵¹ |
| 18 | many | 多 (duō) | tuɔ⁵⁵ |
| 19 | some | 一些 (yīxiē), 幾個／几个 (jǐge) | ji⁵³ ɕiɛ⁵⁵, tɕi²¹ kə⁰ |
| 20 | few | 少 (shǎo) | ʂɑu²¹⁴ |
| 21 | other | 其他 (qítā), 別的／别的 (biéde) | tɕʰi³⁵ tʰa⁵⁵, piɛ³⁵ tə⁰ |
| 22 | one | 一 (yī) | i⁵⁵ |
| 23 | two | 二 (èr) (not with measure words), 兩／两 (liǎng) (only with measure words) | ɑɻ⁵¹, liɑŋ²¹⁴ |
| 24 | three | 三 (sān) | san⁵⁵ |
| 25 | four | 四 (sì) | sɿ⁵¹ |
| 26 | five | 五 (wǔ) | u²¹⁴ |
| 27 | big | 大 (dà) | ta⁵¹ |
| 28 | long | 長／长 (cháng) | tʂɑŋ³⁵ |
| 29 | wide | 寬／宽 (kuān) | kʰuan⁵⁵ |
| 30 | thick | 厚 (hòu) | xou⁵¹ |
| 31 | heavy | 重 (zhòng) | tʂoŋ⁵¹ |
| 32 | small | 小 (xiǎo) | ɕiɑu²¹⁴ |
| 33 | short | 短 (duǎn) | tuan²¹⁴ |
| 34 | narrow | 窄 (zhǎi) | tʂai²¹⁴ |
| 35 | thin | 薄 (báo) | pɑu³⁵ |
| 36 | woman | 女人 (nǚrén) | ny²¹ ʐən³⁵ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 男人 (nánrén) | nan³⁵ ʐən³⁵ |
| 38 | man (human being) | 人 (rén) | ʐən³⁵ |
| 39 | child | 孩子 (háizi), 兒童／儿童 (értóng), 小孩 (xiǎohái) | xai³⁵ tsɿ⁰, ɑɻ³⁵ tʰoŋ³⁵, ɕiɑu²¹ xai³⁵ |
| 40 | wife | 妻子 (qīzi), 老婆 (lǎopó) (informal) | tɕi⁵⁵ tsɿ⁰, lɑu²¹ pʰwɔ³⁵ |
| 41 | husband | 丈夫 (zhàngfu), 老公 (lǎogōng) (informal) | tʂɑŋ⁵¹ fu⁰, lɑu²¹ koŋ⁵⁵ |
| 42 | mother | 母親／母亲 (mǔqīn), 媽媽／妈妈 (māma) (informal) | mu²¹ tɕin⁵⁵, ma⁵⁵ ma⁰ |
| 43 | father | 父親／父亲 (fùqīn) (formal), 爸爸 (bàba) (informal) | fu⁵¹ tɕin⁵⁵, pa⁵¹ pa⁰ |
| 44 | animal | 動物／动物 (dòngwù) | toŋ⁵¹ u⁵¹ |
| 45 | fish | 魚／鱼 (yú) | y³⁵ |
| 46 | bird | 鳥／鸟 (niǎo) | niɑu²¹⁴ |
| 47 | dog | 狗 (gǒu) | kou²¹⁴ |
| 48 | louse | 虱 (shī) | ʂʐ⁵⁵ |
| 49 | snake | 蛇 (shé) | ʂɤ³⁵ |
| 50 | worm | 蟲／虫 (chóng) (worm, insect), 蠕蟲／蠕虫 (rúchóng) (generic), 蚯蚓 (qiūyǐn) (earthworm) | tʂʰoŋ³⁵, ʐu³⁵ tʂʰoŋ³⁵, tɕʰiou⁵⁵ in²¹⁴ |
| 51 | tree | 樹／树 (shù) | ʂu⁵¹ |
| 52 | forest | 森林 (sēnlín) | sən⁵⁵ lin³⁵ |
| 53 | stick | 樹枝／树枝 (shùzhī) (tree branch), 枝條／枝条 (zhītiáo) (formal), 枝子 (zhīzi) (informal) | ʂu⁵¹ tʂʐ⁵⁵, tʂʐ⁵⁵ tʰiɑu³⁵, tʂʐ⁵⁵ tsɿ⁰ |
| 54 | fruit | 水果 (shǔiguǒ) | ʂuei³⁵ kuɔ²¹⁴ |
| 55 | seed | 種子／种子 (zhǒngzi) | tʂoŋ²¹ tsɿ⁰ |
| 56 | leaf | 葉／叶 (yè), 葉子／叶子 (yèzi) | iɛ⁵¹, iɛ⁵¹ tsɿ⁰ |
| 57 | root | 根 (gēn) | kən⁵⁵ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 樹皮／树皮 (shùpí) | ʂu⁵¹ pʰi³⁵ |
| 59 | flower | 花 (huā) | xua⁵⁵ |
| 60 | grass | 草 (cǎo) | tsɑu²¹⁴ |
| 61 | rope | 繩／绳 (shéng), 繩子／绳子 (shéngzi) | ʂɤŋ³⁵, ʂɤŋ³⁵ tsɿ⁰ |
| 62 | skin | 皮 (pí), 皮膚／皮肤 (pífū) | pʰi³⁵, pʰi³⁵ fu⁵⁵ |
| 63 | meat | 肉 (ròu) | ʐou⁵¹ |
| 64 | blood | 血 (xiě, xuè, xuě), 血液 (xiěyè, xuèyè, xuěyè) | ɕiɛ²¹⁴, ɕyɛ⁵¹, ɕyɛ²¹⁴, ɕiɛ²¹⁴ iɛ⁵¹, ɕyɛ⁵¹ iɛ⁵¹, ɕyɛ²¹⁴ iɛ⁵¹ |
| 65 | bone | 骨 (gǔ), 骨頭／骨头 (gǔtóu) | ku²¹⁴, ku²¹ tʰou³⁵ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 脂肪 (zhīfáng) | tʂʐ⁵⁵ faŋ³⁵ |
| 67 | egg | 蛋 (dàn), 鷄蛋／鸡蛋 (jīdàn) (chicken egg) | tan⁵¹, tɕi⁵⁵ tan⁵¹ |
| 68 | horn | 角 (jiǎo) | tɕiɑu²¹⁴ |
| 69 | tail | 尾 (wěi), 尾巴 (wěibā) | uei²¹⁴, uei²¹ pa⁰ |
| 70 | feather | 羽毛 (yǔmáo) | y²¹ mɑu³⁵ |
| 71 | hair | 頭髮／头发 (tóufa) | tʰou³⁵ fa⁰ |
| 72 | head | 頭／头 (tóu) | tʰou³⁵ fa⁰ |
| 73 | ear | 耳朵 (ěrduo) | aɻ²¹ tuɔ⁰ |
| 74 | eye | 眼睛 (yǎnjing) | iɛn²¹ tɕiŋ⁰ |
| 75 | nose | 鼻 (bí), 鼻子 (bízi) | pi³⁵, pi³⁵ tsɿ⁰ |
| 76 | mouth | 嘴 (zuǐ), 嘴巴 (zuǐba) | tsuei²¹⁴, tsuei²¹ pa⁰ |
| 77 | tooth | 牙齒／牙齿 (yáchǐ) | ia³⁵ tʂʰʐ²¹⁴ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 舌 (shé), 舌頭／舌头 (shétou) | ʂɤ³⁵, ʂɤ³⁵ tʰou⁰ |
| 79 | fingernail | 指甲 (zhǐjia) | tʂʐ³⁵ tɕia²¹ |
| 80 | foot | 腳／脚 (jiǎo) | tɕiɑu²¹⁴ |
| 81 | leg | 腿 (tuǐ) | tʰuei²¹⁴ |
| 82 | knee | 膝 (xī), 膝蓋／膝盖 (xīgài) | ɕi⁵⁵, ɕi⁵⁵ kai⁵¹ |
| 83 | hand | 手 (shǒu) | ʂou²¹⁴ |
| 84 | wing | 翼 (yì) (literary), 翅膀 (chìbǎng) | i⁵¹, tʂʐ⁵¹ paŋ²¹⁴ |
| 85 | belly | 肚子 (dùzi) | tu⁵¹ tsɿ⁰ |
| 86 | guts | 腸子／肠子 (chángzi) | tʂaŋ³⁵ tsɿ⁰ |
| 87 | neck | 脖子 (bózi) | pwɔ³⁵ tsɿ⁰ |
| 88 | back | 背 (bèi) | pei⁵¹ |
| 89 | breast | 胸 (xiōng) (chest (affix)), 胸部 (xiōngbù) (chest (generic)), 胸膛 (xiōngtáng) (chest (acedemic)), 乳房 (rǔfáng) (female organ) | ɕyoŋ⁵⁵, ɕyoŋ⁵⁵ pu⁵¹, ɕyoŋ⁵⁵ tʰaŋ³⁵, ʐu²¹ faŋ³⁵ |
| 90 | heart | 心臟／心脏 (xīnzàng) | ɕin⁵⁵ tsaŋ⁵¹ |
| 91 | liver | 肝 (gān) (affix), 肝臟／肝脏 (gānzàng) | kan⁵⁵, kan⁵⁵ tsaŋ⁵¹ |
| 92 | to drink | 喝 (hē) | xɤ⁵⁵ |
| 93 | to eat | 吃 (chī) | tʂʐ⁵⁵ |
| 94 | to bite | 咬 (yǎo) | iɑu²¹⁴ |
| 95 | to suck | 吸 (xī) (affix), 啜 (chuò) (sip), 吮吸 (shǔnxī) (suck) | ɕi⁵⁵, tʂuo⁵¹, ʂuən²¹ ɕi⁵⁵ |
| 96 | to spit | 吐 (tǔ) (generic), 吐口水 (tǔ kǒushuǐ) (lit. spit saliva, informal), 吐痰 (tǔtán) (lit. spit phlegm, formal) | tʰu²¹⁴, tʰu²¹ kʰou³⁵ ʂuei²¹⁴, tʰu²¹ tʰan³⁵ |
| 97 | to vomit | 嘔／呕 (ǒu) (affix), 吐 (tù) (informal), 嘔吐／呕吐 (ǒutù) (formal) | ou²¹⁴, tʰu⁵¹, ou²¹ tʰu⁵¹ |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 (chuī) | tʂʰuei⁵⁵ |
| 99 | to breathe | 呼吸 (hūxī) | xu⁵⁵ ɕi⁵⁵ |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑 (xiào) | ɕiau⁵¹ |
| 101 | to see | 看 (kàn) | kʰan⁵¹ |
| 102 | to hear | 聼 (tīng) | tʰiŋ⁵⁵ |
| 103 | to know | 知道 (zhīdào), 曉得／晓得 (xiǎode), 認識／认识 (rènshi) (to recognise) | tʂʐ⁵⁵ tau⁵¹, ɕiɑu²¹ tə⁰, ʐən⁵¹ ʂʐ⁰ |
| 104 | to think | 想 (xiǎng) | ɕiɑŋ²¹⁴ |
| 105 | to smell | 嗅 (xiù), 聞／闻 (wén) | ɕiou⁵¹, uen³⁵ |
| 106 | to fear | 怕 (pà) | pʰa⁵¹ |
| 107 | to sleep | 睡 (shuì), 睡覺／睡觉 (shuìjiào) | ʂuei⁵¹, ʂuei⁵¹ tɕiɑu⁵¹ |
| 108 | to live | 活 (huó) | xuɔ³⁵ |
| 109 | to die | 死 (sǐ) | sɿ²¹⁴ |
| 110 | to kill | 殺／杀 (shā) | ʂa⁵⁵ |
| 111 | to fight | 吵架 (chǎojià) (argue), 打架 (dǎjià) (fists), 打仗 (dǎzhàng) (war) | tʂɑu²¹ tɕia⁵¹, ta²¹ tɕia⁵¹, ta²¹ tʂɑŋ⁵¹ |
| 112 | to hunt | 打獵／打猎 (dǎliè) | ta²¹ liɛ⁵¹ |
| 113 | to hit | 打 (dǎ) | ta²¹ |
| 114 | to cut | 割 (gē) (cut in two), 切 (qiē) (slice), 剪 (jiǎn) (scissors) | kɤ⁵⁵, tɕiɛ⁵⁵, tɕiɛn²¹⁴ |
| 115 | to split | 劈開／劈开 (pīkāi) (transitive, split open), 裂開／裂开 (lièkāi) (intransitive, split open), 分開／分开 (fēnkāi) (split up) | pʰi⁵⁵ kʰai⁵⁵, liɛ⁵¹ kʰai⁵⁵, fən⁵⁵ kʰai⁵⁵ |
| 116 | to stab | 刺 (cì) | tsɿ⁵¹ |
| 117 | to scratch | 搔 (sāo), 抓 (zhuā) | sɑu⁵⁵, tʂua⁵⁵ |
| 118 | to dig | 挖 (wā), 掘 (jué) | ua⁵⁵, tɕyɛ³⁵ |
| 119 | to swim | 游泳 (yóuyǒng) | iou³⁵ yoŋ²¹⁴ |
| 120 | to fly | 飛／飞 (fēi) | fei⁵⁵ |
| 121 | to walk | 走 (zǒu) (generic), 走路 (zǒulù) (walk on foot (informal)), 步行 (bùxíng) (go on foot (formal)) | tsou²¹⁴, tsou²¹ lu⁵¹, pu⁵¹ ɕiŋ³⁵ |
| 122 | to come | 來／来 (lái) | lai³⁵ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 躺 (tǎng) | tʰɑŋ²¹⁴ |
| 124 | to sit | 坐 (zuò) | tsuɔ⁵¹ |
| 125 | to stand | 站 (zhàn) | tʂan⁵¹ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 轉／转 (zhuǎn) (change direction) | tʂuan²¹⁴ |
| 127 | to fall | 落下 (luòxià) (drop), 掉下 (diàoxià) (drop) | luɔ⁵¹ ɕia⁵¹, tiɑu⁵¹ ɕia⁵¹ |
| 128 | to give | 給／给 (gěi) | kei²¹⁴ |
| 129 | to hold | 握 (wò), 拿 (ná) | uɔ⁵³, na³⁵ |
| 130 | to squeeze | 擠／挤 (jǐ) | tɕi²¹⁴ |
| 131 | to rub | 揉 (róu) (massage, knead) | ʐou³⁵ |
| 132 | to wash | 洗 (xǐ) | ɕi²¹⁴ |
| 133 | to wipe | 擦 (cā) | tsʰa⁵⁵ |
| 134 | to pull | 拉 (lā) | la⁵⁵ |
| 135 | to push | 推 (tuī) | tʰuei⁵⁵ |
| 136 | to throw | 扔 (rēng), 丟／丢 (diū) | ʐɤŋ⁵⁵, tiou⁵⁵ |
| 137 | to tie | 綁／绑 (bǎng) | paŋ²¹³ |
| 138 | to sew | 縫／缝 (féng) | fɤŋ³⁵ |
| 139 | to count | 數／数 (shǔ), 點／点 (diǎn) | ʂu²¹⁴, tiɛn²¹⁴ |
| 140 | to say | 說／说 (shuō), 講／讲 (jiǎng) | ʂuɔ⁵⁵, tɕiɑŋ²¹⁴ |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 (chàng) | tʂʰɑŋ⁵¹ |
| 142 | to play | 玩 (wán) | uan³⁵ |
| 143 | to float | 浮 (fú) | fu³⁵ |
| 144 | to flow | 流 (liú) | liou³⁵ |
| 145 | to freeze | 結冰／结冰 (jiébīng), 凍結／冻结 (dòngjié) | tɕiɛ³⁵ piŋ⁵⁵, toŋ⁵¹ tɕiɛ³⁵ |
| 146 | to swell | 膨脹／膨胀 (péngzhàng) | pʰɤŋ tʂɑŋ⁵¹ |
| 147 | sun | 太陽／太阳 (tàiyang) | tʰai⁵¹ iaŋ⁰ |
| 148 | moon | 月亮 (yuèliang) | yɛ⁵¹ liɑŋ⁰ |
| 149 | star | 星 (xīng), 恆星／恒星 (héngxīng) (scientific (fixed star)) | ɕiŋ⁵⁵, xɤŋ³⁵ ɕiŋ⁵⁵ |
| 150 | water | 水 (shuǐ) | ʂuei²¹⁴ |
| 151 | rain | 雨 (yǔ) | y²¹⁴ |
| 152 | river | 河 (hé) | xɤ³⁵ |
| 153 | lake | 湖 (hú) | xu³⁵ |
| 154 | sea | 海 (hǎi) | xai²¹⁴ |
| 155 | salt | 鹽／盐 (yán) | iɛn³⁵ |
| 156 | stone | 石 (shí) (affix), 石頭／石头 (shítou) | ʂʐ³⁵, ʂʐ³⁵ tʰou⁰ |
| 157 | sand | 沙 (shā) | ʂa⁵⁵ |
| 158 | dust | 塵土／尘土 (chéntǔ) | tʂən³⁵ tʰu²¹⁴ |
| 159 | earth | 土壤 (tǔyǎng) | tʰu³⁵ ʐɑŋ²¹⁴ |
| 160 | cloud | 雲／云 (yún) | yn³⁵ |
| 161 | fog | 霧／雾 (wù) | u⁵¹ |
| 162 | sky | 天 (tiān) | tʰiɛn⁵⁵ |
| 163 | wind | 風／风 (fēng) | fɤŋ⁵⁵ |
| 164 | snow | 雪 (xuě) | ɕyɛ²¹⁴ |
| 165 | ice | 冰 (bīng) | piŋ⁵⁵ |
| 166 | smoke | 煙／烟 (yān) | iɛn⁵⁵ |
| 167 | fire | 火 (huǒ) | xuɔ²¹⁴ |
| 168 | ash | 灰 (huī) (ashes or dust), 灰燼／灰烬 (huījìn) | xuei⁵⁵, xuei⁵⁵ tɕin⁵¹ |
| 169 | to burn | 燒／烧 (shāo) | ʂɑu⁵⁵ |
| 170 | road | 路 (lù) | lu⁵¹ |
| 171 | mountain | 山 (shān) | ʂan⁵⁵ |
| 172 | red | 紅／红 (hóng) | xoŋ³⁵ |
| 173 | green | 綠／绿 (lǜ) | ly⁵¹ |
| 174 | yellow | 黃／黄 (huáng) | xuaŋ³⁵ |
| 175 | white | 白 (bái) | pai³⁵ |
| 176 | black | 黑 (hēi) | xei⁵⁵ |
| 177 | night | 夜晚 (yèwǎn) | iɛ⁵¹ uan²¹⁴ |
| 178 | day | 白天 (báitiān) | pai³⁵ tʰiɛn⁵⁵ |
| 179 | year | 年 (nián) | niɛn³⁵ |
| 180 | warm | 溫暖／温暖 (wēnnuǎn) | uən⁵⁵ nuan²¹⁴ |
| 181 | cold | 冷 (lěng) | lɤŋ²¹⁴ |
| 182 | full | 滿／满 (mǎn) | man²¹⁴ |
| 183 | new | 新 (xīn) | ɕin⁵⁵ |
| 184 | old | 老 (lǎo) (not young), 舊／旧 (jiù) (not new) | lɑu²¹⁴, tɕiou⁵¹ |
| 185 | good | 好 (hǎo) | xɑu²¹⁴ |
| 186 | bad | 壞／坏 (huài) | xuai⁵¹ |
| 187 | rotten | 爛／烂 (làn) | lan⁵¹ |
| 188 | dirty | 髒／脏 (zāng) | tsɑŋ⁵⁵ |
| 189 | straight | 直 (zhí) | tʂʐ³⁵ |
| 190 | round | 圓／圆 (yuán) | yɛn³⁵ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 尖 (jiān) (prefix), 利 (lì) (prefix), 鋒利／锋利 (fēnglì), 銳利／锐利 (ruìlì) | tɕiɛn⁵⁵, li⁵¹, fɤŋ⁵⁵ li⁵¹, ʐuei⁵¹ li⁵¹ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 鈍／钝 (dùn) | tuən⁵¹ |
| 193 | smooth | 光滑 (guānghuá) | kuɑŋ⁵⁵ xua³⁵ |
| 194 | wet | 濕／湿 (shī) | ʂʐ⁵⁵ |
| 195 | dry | 乾／干 (gān) | kan⁵⁵ |
| 196 | correct | 對／对 (duì) (informal), 正確／正确 (zhèngquè) (formal) | tuei⁵¹, tʂɤŋ⁵¹ tɕʰyɛ⁵¹ |
| 197 | near | 近 (jìn) | tɕin⁵¹ |
| 198 | far | 遠／远 (yuǎn) | yɛn²¹⁴ |
| 199 | right | 右 (yòu) | iou⁵¹ |
| 200 | left | 左 (zuǒ) | tsuɔ²¹⁴ |
| 201 | at | 在 (zài) | tsai⁵¹ |
| 202 | in | 在…… 裡／在…… 里 (zài… lǐ) | tsai⁵¹ li²¹⁴ |
| 203 | with | 跟 (gēn) | kən⁵⁵ |
| 204 | and | 和 (hé) | xɤ³⁵ |
| 205 | if | 如果 (rúguǒ) | ʐu³⁵ kuɔ²¹⁴ |
| 206 | because | 因爲／因为 (yīnwèi) | in⁵⁵ uei⁵¹ |
| 207 | name | 名 (míng) (affix), 名字 (míngzi) (generic) | miŋ³⁵, miŋ³⁵ tsɿ⁰ |
Sources edit
- Chinese dictionaries (Lexilogos)
- Cours de chinois mandarin (Chine Nouvelle)
- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN