| № | English | Proto-Indo-Iranian
edit (148) | Sanskrit
संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam)
edit (207) | Ashokan Prakrit
edit (9) | Pali
pāli
edit (204) | Sauraseni Prakrit
𑀧𑀸𑀉𑀤 (pāuda)
edit (16) | Maharastri Prakrit
𑀫𑀭𑀳𑀝𑁆𑀞𑀻 𑀧𑀸𑀉𑀅 (marahaṭṭhī pāua)
edit (127) | Ardhamagadhi Prakrit
𑀧𑀸𑀬𑀬 (pāyaya)
edit (1) | Magadhi Prakrit
𑀧𑀸𑀓𑀺𑀤 (pākida)
edit (1) | Gandhari
edit (1) |
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| 1 | I (1sg) | *aȷ́ʰám | ahám | ahaṃ, hakaṃ, ahaṃ, aaṃ | ahaṃ | ahaṃ | ahaṃ, ahaaṃ | ahaṃ | hage | aha |
| 2 | you (2sg) | *túH, *tuHám | tvám | | tvaṃ | tumaṃ | tumaṃ, taṃ | | | |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | *sá | sá | | so, sa | so | so, sa | | | |
| 4 | we (1pl) | *wayám | vayám, nas | | amhe, mayaṃ | amhe | amhe, vaaṃ | | | |
| 5 | you (2pl) | *yúH, *yuHyám | yūyám, vas | | tumhe | tumhe | tumhe | | | |
| 6 | they (3pl) | *tā́s | té | | te, tā, tāni | te | te*, tāo*, tāi*, tāṇi* | | | |
| 7 | this | *ayám | idám | | ayaṃ, sa | aaṃ, iaṃ, idaṃ | aaṃ, ima | | | |
| 8 | that | *sá | tát | | asu, tad | | ta | | | |
| 9 | here | *Hidʰá | átra, íha | | idha, attha | atta | iha, ettha | | | |
| 10 | there | *tátra | tátra | | tattha | tatta | tattha | | | |
| 11 | who | *kás | ká | | ka | ko | ka, kiṃ | | | |
| 12 | what | *kím, *čím | kím | | ka, kiṃ | kiṃ, kadhaṃ | ka, kiṃ | | | |
| 13 | where | *kúH | kútra, kúha, kvà | | kattha | kahiṃ | kattha, kahiṃ | | | |
| 14 | when | *kadáH | kadā́ | | karāhi, kadā | | kaā, kāhe | | | |
| 15 | how | *káyna | kathám | | kathaṃ | kadhaṃ | kahaṃ | | | |
| 16 | not | *na, *a- | ná | | na | na | ṇa | | | |
| 17 | all | *sárwas, *wíćwas | sárva, víśva | | sabba | | savva | | | |
| 18 | many | *pr̥Húš | bahú | | bahu | | | | | |
| 19 | some | *kínčid | kiñcid | | eke*, koci | | | | | |
| 20 | few | *īšát | álpa | | appa | | | | | |
| 21 | other | *Hanyás | anyá | | añña, apara | | aṇṇa, iara | | | |
| 22 | one | *Háywas, *Háykas | éka | | eka | | ekka, ega | | | |
| 23 | two | *dwáH | dvá | | dve | | do, duve, donni | | | |
| 24 | three | *tráyas | trí | | tayo | | tiṇṇi | | | |
| 25 | four | *čatwā́ras | cátur | catpāro | catur | | cattāri | | | |
| 26 | five | *pánča | páñcan | | pañca | | paṃca | | | |
| 27 | big | *maȷ́ʰás | mahát | | mahant | | | | | |
| 28 | long | *dr̥Hgʰás | dīrghá | | dīgha | | dīha | | | |
| 29 | wide | *pr̥tʰúš | urú | | uru | | | | | |
| 30 | thick | *stʰuHrás | ghaná | | bahala, gahana, ghana | | | | | |
| 31 | heavy | *gr̥Húš | gurú | | garu | | | | | |
| 32 | small | *tusćás | álpa | | khudda, thoka | | | | | |
| 33 | short | *kr̥dʰúš | hrasvá | | | | | | | |
| 34 | narrow | *Hánȷ́ʰuš | aṃhú | | | | | | | |
| 35 | thin | *kr̥ćás, *tánuš | tanú | | | | | | | |
| 36 | woman | *ǰánHs, *gnáHs, *stríH | strī́ | | itthī | | | | | |
| 37 | man (adult male) | *wiHrás, *Hnáras | púruṣa, nára | pulisa | purisa, nara | | purisa, ṇara | | | |
| 38 | man (human being) | *manušyás, *mártyas | manuṣyá, mānava | | jana, manussa | | jaṇa, maṇussa | | | |
| 39 | child | *ȷ́aHtás | bā́la, śíśu | | bālaka | | bālaa, vaccha | | | |
| 40 | wife | *pátniH | pátnī, bhāryā́ | | dāra, bhariyā | | bhajjā | | | |
| 41 | husband | *pátiš | páti | | pati | | paī, bhattu | | | |
| 42 | mother | *máHtā | mā́tṛ | | mātar | | māu | | | |
| 43 | father | *pHtā́ | pitṛ́ | | pitar | | piu | | | |
| 44 | animal | *páću | páśu | | mig* | | | | | |
| 45 | fish | *mátsyas | mátsya | macha | maccha | | maccha | | | |
| 46 | bird | *Háwiš | ví, pakṣin | | pakkhin | | pakkhi | | | |
| 47 | dog | *ćwā́ | śván | *kutta | kukkura, suvaṇa | | | | | |
| 48 | louse | *ćwíšas | yūkā | | ūkā | | | | | |
| 49 | snake | *sarpás, *nāgás | sarpá | | sappa, ahi | | sappa | | | |
| 50 | worm | *kŕ̥miš | kṛ́mi | | kimi | | | | | |
| 51 | tree | *dā́ru | vṛkṣá, tarú | lukha, vracha | rukkha | | rukkha | | | |
| 52 | forest | | vána | | vana | | vaṇa | | | |
| 53 | stick | *waytasás | daṇḍá | | laṭṭhi | | | | | |
| 54 | fruit | | phála | | phala | | phala | | | |
| 55 | seed | *bíHȷ́am | bī́ja | | bīja | | bīa | | | |
| 56 | leaf | *parnám | páttra | | patti | | paṇṇa | | | |
| 57 | root | | mū́la | | mūla | | mūla | | | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | *twákš, *varkás | tvác | | taca | | | | | |
| 59 | flower | | púṣpa | | puppha | | puppha, phulla | | | |
| 60 | grass | *tŕ̥nam | tṛ́ṇa | | tiṇa, ghāsa | | | | | |
| 61 | rope | *rázǰuš, *rać-* | rájju | | rajju | | rajju | | | |
| 62 | skin | *čárma | cárman, tvác | | camma | | | | | |
| 63 | meat | *māmsás | māṃsá | | maṃsa | | maṃsa | | | |
| 64 | blood | *HásHr̥ | rakta, ásṛj | | lohita | | | | | |
| 65 | bone | *Hástʰi | ásthi | | aṭṭhi | | aṭṭhi, haḍḍa | | | |
| 66 | fat (noun) | *píHwas | pī́vas, médas | | meda | | | | | |
| 67 | egg | *Hāwyám | aṇḍá | | aṇḍa | | | | | |
| 68 | horn | *ćáypas | śṛṅgá | | singa | | | | | |
| 69 | tail | *púšćas, *wā́ras | púccha | | puccha | | puccha, puṃcha | | | |
| 70 | feather | *parnám | parṇá | | paṇṇa, patta | | paṇṇa | | | |
| 71 | hair | *Hráwma*, *káyćas* | kéśa | | kesa | | | | | |
| 72 | head | *ćŕ̥Has, *ćr̥Hšá | śíras | | sira | | | | | |
| 73 | ear | *kárnas | kárṇa | | kaṇṇa | | kaṇṇa | | | |
| 74 | eye | *čákšuš, *čáćšma | ákṣi | | akkhi | | akkhi, acchi | | | |
| 75 | nose | *náHsaH | nā́sā | | nāsā | | ṇakka | | | |
| 76 | mouth | *Hā́s, *wáktram | vaktra, múkha | | mukha | | muha | | | |
| 77 | tooth | *Hdánts, *ȷ́ámbʰas | dánta | | danta | | daṃta | | | |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | *ȷ́iȷ́ʰwáH | jihvā́ | | jivhā | | jibbhā | | | |
| 79 | fingernail | *Hnā́kš | nakhá | | nakha | | ṇaha | | | |
| 80 | foot | *pā́ts | padá | | pāda | | pāa | | | |
| 81 | leg | | jáṅgha | | janghā | | pāa | | | |
| 82 | knee | *ȷ́ā́nu | jā́nu | | jānu | | | | | |
| 83 | hand | *ȷ́ʰástas | hásta, pāṇí | | hattha | | hattha | | | |
| 84 | wing | *parnám | pakṣá | | pakkha | | | | | |
| 85 | belly | *udáras | udára | | udara | | poṭṭa | | | |
| 86 | guts | *Hántram | ántra, āntra, gudá | | antavaṭṭi | | | | | |
| 87 | neck | *griHwáH* | gala, grīvā́ | | gīva | | gala | | | |
| 88 | back | *pr̥štʰás | pṛṣṭhá | | piṭṭha | | | | | |
| 89 | breast | *pstánas, *HúrHas* | stána | | thana | | thaṇa, vaccha | | | |
| 90 | heart | *ȷ́ʰŕ̥dayam | hṛ́daya | | hadaya | | | | | |
| 91 | liver | *Hyákr̥ | yákṛt | | yakana | | | | | |
| 92 | to drink | *píbati | píbati | | pivati | | pivaï | | | |
| 93 | to eat | *Hátˢti | khā́dati, átti | | adeti | | khāaï, bhakkhaï | | | |
| 94 | to bite | *dáćati | dáśati | | ḍasati | | ḍasaï | | | |
| 95 | to suck | *dʰáyati | dháyati | | cūsati | | | | | |
| 96 | to spit | | ṣṭhī́vati | | oṭṭhubhati | | thukkaï | | | |
| 97 | to vomit | *wámHati | vámati | | vamati | | | | | |
| 98 | to blow | *Hwā́ti*, *dʰámati | vā́ti | | dhamati | | phukkaï | | | |
| 99 | to breathe | | ániti | | sasati | | | | | |
| 100 | to laugh | *smáyatay | smáyate, hásati | | hasati | | hasaï | | | |
| 101 | to see | *čáštay | páśyati*, dṛś* | pasati | dakkhati | | dissaï*, pāsaï* | | | |
| 102 | to hear | *ćr̥náwti | śṛṇóti | | suṇāti | | suṇaï | | | |
| 103 | to know | *ȷ́ānáHti | jānā́ti | | jānāti | | jāṇaï | | | |
| 104 | to think | *mányatay | mányate, cintayati | | cinteti | | ciṃtei | | | |
| 105 | to smell | | jíghrati | | gandha | | | | | |
| 106 | to fear | *bʰáyHti | bibhéti, bháyate* | | dara | | | | | |
| 107 | to sleep | *swápati | svápiti | | supati | | suvaï | | | |
| 108 | to live | *ǰíHwati | jī́vati | | jīvati | | | | | |
| 109 | to die | *mriyátay | mriyáte | | marati | | maraï | | | |
| 110 | to kill | *ǰʰánti | hánti | | māreti | | mārei | | | |
| 111 | to fight | *Hyáwdʰati, *Hyúdʰyati | yúdhyate | | yodheti | | jujjhaï | | | |
| 112 | to hunt | *wáyHti* | veti | | migava | | | | | |
| 113 | to hit | | hánti, tāḍáyati | | abhihanati | | | | | |
| 114 | to cut | *śćinátˢti | kṛntáti | | karati | | ciṃdaï* | | | |
| 115 | to split | *bʰinátˢti | bhinátti | | bhindati | | vaṃṭaï* | | | |
| 116 | to stab | | vídhyati | | chūriyāhanati | | | | | |
| 117 | to scratch | | likháti | | likhati | | lihaï | | | |
| 118 | to dig | | khánati | | khaṇati | | khaṇaï | | | |
| 119 | to swim | | plávate | | pilavati | | | | | |
| 120 | to fly | | pátati | | uḍḍeti | | uḍḍei | | | |
| 121 | to walk | *pádyati | éti, gácchati, cárati | | carati | | calaï, gacchaï* | | | |
| 122 | to come | | ā́gacchati | | āyāti, āgacchati | | āgacchaï, ei | | | |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | | śéte | | seti | | | | | |
| 124 | to sit | *síždati | sī́dati | | nisīdati | | uvavisaï | | | |
| 125 | to stand | *stíštaHti | tíṣṭhati | | tiṭṭhati | | ciṭṭhaï*, ṭhāi, ṭhāāi* | | | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | | vártate | | vaṭṭati | | valaï | | | |
| 127 | to fall | | pádyate | | patati | | paḍaï | | | |
| 128 | to give | *dádaHti | dádāti | | dadāti | | dei | | | |
| 129 | to hold | *dʰárati, *dʰāráyati | dhárati | | dharati | | dharaï | | | |
| 130 | to squeeze | | mṛdnā́ti | | nippīḷeti | | | | | |
| 131 | to rub | | ghárṣati | | ghaṃsati | | ghāsaï | | | |
| 132 | to wash | | kṣā́layati | | dhopati | | | | | |
| 133 | to wipe | | mā́rṣṭi | | majjati | | | | | |
| 134 | to pull | | kárṣati | | khaḍḍati | | | | | |
| 135 | to push | | nudáti | | nudati | | | | | |
| 136 | to throw | | kṣipáti | | khipati | | khivaï | | | |
| 137 | to tie | | badhnā́ti, bandhati | | bandhati | | baṃdhaï | | | |
| 138 | to sew | | sī́vyati | | sibbati | | sivvaï | | | |
| 139 | to count | | gáṇayati, kálate | | gaṇeti | | gaṇei | | | |
| 140 | to say | *Háwǰʰati, *wákti, *mráwHti | vákti | | vatti | | bollaï*, bhaṇaï* | | | |
| 141 | to sing | *gáHyati | gā́yati | | gāyati | | gāaï | | | |
| 142 | to play | | dī́vyati | | kīḷati | | kīlaï, khelaï | | | |
| 143 | to float | | plávate | | palavati | | | | | |
| 144 | to flow | | sárati, kṣárati | | dhāvati | | saraï | | | |
| 145 | to freeze | | śī́yate | | sīyati | | | | | |
| 146 | to swell | | śváyati | | phāti | | | | | |
| 147 | sun | *súHar | sū́rya, ravi, sū́ra, bhāskara | | suriya | | | | | |
| 148 | moon | *mā́Has | mā́sa, candramas, candrá | | canda | | | | | |
| 149 | star | *Hstā́ | nákṣatra, stṛ́, tārā | | tārakā | | | | | |
| 150 | water | *Hā́pš | jalá, áp, pānīya, vā́ri, udán, toja | | jala, āpa | | jala, vāri | | | |
| 151 | rain | | varṣá | | vassa | | pāusa | | | |
| 152 | river | | nadī́ | | nadī | | ṇaī | | | |
| 153 | lake | | sáras | | sara | | | | | |
| 154 | sea | | samudrá | | samudda | | | | | |
| 155 | salt | | lavaṇá | | loṇa | | | | | |
| 156 | stone | | áśman | | asama | | | | | |
| 157 | sand | | pāṃsú, śíkatā | | sikatā | | vāluā | | | |
| 158 | dust | | reṇú | | reṇu | | dhūlī | | | |
| 159 | earth | *ȷ́ʰžʰáHs, *bʰúHmiš | kṣám, pṛthvī́ | | bhūmi | | puhavī, mahī, bhūmi | | | |
| 160 | cloud | *Hmaygʰás, *abʰrás | nábhas, meghá | | megha | | abbha, meha | | | |
| 161 | fog | *dʰuHmás | míh | | mahikā | | | | | |
| 162 | sky | *dyā́wš | ākāśá | | akāsa | | ṇaha | | | |
| 163 | wind | | vāyú, vā́ta | | vāta | | vāu | | | |
| 164 | snow | | himá, tuṣāra, tuhina | | hima | | | | | |
| 165 | ice | | himá | | phāti | | | | | |
| 166 | smoke | *dʰuHmás | dhūmá | | dhūma | | | | | |
| 167 | fire | *Hagníš*, *HaHtar-* | agní | | aggi | | aggi | | | |
| 168 | ash | | ā́sa | | bhasma | | | | | |
| 169 | to burn | | dahati | | dahati | | jalaï | | | |
| 170 | road | | patha, ádhvan, mārga | | patha, magga | | magga, vaṭṭa | | | |
| 171 | mountain | *gr̥Híš, *párwatas | girí, párvata | | pabbata, giri | | pavvaya | | | |
| 172 | red | *Hráwdʰitas, *Hrudʰrás, *ĉáwnas | rakta, róhita | | lohita | | | | | |
| 173 | green | *j́ʰáriš | harit, harita, pā́lāśa, palāśa | | hari | | | | | |
| 174 | yellow | | pīta, pītala | | pīta | | pīvala | | | |
| 175 | white | *ćwaytás | śvetá | | sukka | | paṃḍura | | | |
| 176 | black | *kr̥šnás, *ćyaHwás | kṛṣṇá | | kanha | | kāla | | | |
| 177 | night | *kšáp, *nákts | rā́tri, nákti, kṣáp, rajanī | | ratti | | | | | |
| 178 | day | | diná, áhar, divasa | | diva, aṇha | | | | | |
| 179 | year | *ćarHáts | varṣá, saṃvatsara | | vassa, sanvacchara | | | | | |
| 180 | warm | | taptá | | ghamma | | | | | |
| 181 | cold | *ȷ́ʰimás | śītá | | sīta | | sīala | | | |
| 182 | full | *pr̥Hnás | pūrṇá | | puṇṇa | | | | | |
| 183 | new | *náwas | náva, nū́tana | | nava | | | | | |
| 184 | old | *ȷ́r̥Hnás | jīrṇá, vṛddhá, purātana | | vuḍḍha | | juṇṇa | | | |
| 185 | good | *Hwásuš, *ćriHrás, *Hsu- | vásu, bhadrá | sādhu* | bhaddaka, sundara | | sāhu* | | | |
| 186 | bad | *ákas, *pāpás, *Hagʰás, *duš- | pāpá, duṣṭa | | pāpa | | duṭṭha* | | | |
| 187 | rotten | | pū́ti | | pūtika | | | | | |
| 188 | dirty | | malina, samala | | malina | | | | | |
| 189 | straight | *Hr̥ȷ́úš | ṛjú, sādhú | | ujju | | uju | | | |
| 190 | round | | vṛttá, vartula | | guḷa | | | | | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | *tigmás | tīkṣṇá | | tikkha | | tikkha | | | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | | kuṇṭha | | kuṇtha | | | | | |
| 193 | smooth | | ślakṣṇá, snigdhá | | saṇha | | | | | |
| 194 | wet | | ārdrá, klinná | | adda | | olla | | | |
| 195 | dry | *Hsúškas | śúṣka | | sukkha | | | | | |
| 196 | correct | *Hr̥ȷ́úš | śuddhá, satyá | | utu | | | | | |
| 197 | near | | neda*, prati* | | antika | | uva-* | | | |
| 198 | far | | dūrá | | dūra | | dūra | | | |
| 199 | right | *dáćšinas | dákṣiṇa | | dakhiṇa | | dakkhiṇa | | | |
| 200 | left | *sawyás | savyá | | vāma | | | | | |
| 201 | at | | locative case | | locative case | | locative case | | | |
| 202 | in | | locative case | | antara | | locative case | | | |
| 203 | with | | sahá | | saha | | saha | | | |
| 204 | and | *-ča | ca | | ca | | ca | | | |
| 205 | if | | yádi | yadi | yadi | | jaï | | | |
| 206 | because | | hí | | yāvatā | | | | | |
| 207 | name | *Hnā́ma | nā́man | | nāma | | ṇāma | | | |
| Swadesh lists |
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| Individual languages |
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| Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings |
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| Constructed languages |
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| Reconstructed proto-languages |
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