Appendix:Musi Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Musi, compared with definitions in English. The Musi language has the ISO 639-3 language code: [mui].
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| No. | English | Musi Basé Musi ꤸꥇꤾꥇ ꤸꥈꤼꥎꥁꥇ |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | qu, aqu |
| 2 | you (singular) | nga |
| 3 | he, she, it | dié |
| 4 | we | kami (exclusive), kitéq (inclusive) |
| 5 | you (plural) | nga galéq |
| 6 | they | ugang tu |
| 7 | this | ikaq |
| 8 | that | itu |
| 9 | here | sikaq |
| 10 | there | di sané, situ |
| 11 | who | sapé |
| 12 | what | apé |
| 13 | where | di mané |
| 14 | when | [Term?] |
| 15 | how | maqmané |
| 16 | not | kan, daq |
| 17 | all | galéq |
| 18 | many | benaq |
| 19 | some | babarapé |
| 20 | few | dikit |
| 21 | other | [Term?] |
| 22 | one | sé |
| 23 | two | dué |
| 24 | three | tigé |
| 25 | four | empat |
| 26 | five | limé |
| 27 | big | besoq |
| 28 | long | panjang |
| 29 | wide | liboq |
| 30 | thick | tebal |
| 31 | heavy | begat |
| 32 | small | keciq |
| 33 | short | péndéq |
| 34 | narrow | [Term?] |
| 35 | thin | tepes |
| 36 | woman | betiné |
| 37 | man (adult male) | lanang |
| 38 | man (human being) | wang, ugang |
| 39 | child | anaq |
| 40 | wife | bini |
| 41 | husband | [Term?] |
| 42 | mother | umaq, indoq |
| 43 | father | baq |
| 44 | animal | piaro |
| 45 | fish | iwak |
| 46 | bird | borong |
| 47 | dog | koyoq |
| 48 | louse | kutu |
| 49 | snake | ulo |
| 50 | worm | caceng |
| 51 | tree | batang |
| 52 | forest | alas |
| 53 | stick | ranting |
| 54 | fruit | buwah |
| 55 | seed | bené |
| 56 | leaf | daon |
| 57 | root | ako |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | papagan |
| 59 | flower | bungé |
| 60 | grass | ompot |
| 61 | rope | [Term?] |
| 62 | skin | kolet |
| 63 | meat | dageng |
| 64 | blood | daga |
| 65 | bone | tulang |
| 66 | fat (noun) | [Term?] |
| 67 | egg | teloq |
| 68 | horn | tanduq |
| 69 | tail | ikoq |
| 70 | feather | bulu |
| 71 | hair | rambot |
| 72 | head | kepalaq |
| 73 | ear | talingéq |
| 74 | eye | matéq |
| 75 | nose | idong |
| 76 | mouth | molot |
| 77 | tooth | gigi |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | lida |
| 79 | fingernail | kuku |
| 80 | foot | sokoq, kaki |
| 81 | leg | tongkay |
| 82 | knee | lotot |
| 83 | hand | tangan |
| 84 | wing | [Term?] |
| 85 | belly | pegot |
| 86 | guts | [Term?] |
| 87 | neck | tokoq |
| 88 | back | [Term?] |
| 89 | breast | tétéq |
| 90 | heart | jantong |
| 91 | liver | ati |
| 92 | to drink | inom (minom) |
| 93 | to eat | akan (makan) |
| 94 | to bite | gégét |
| 95 | to suck | isap |
| 96 | to spit | [Term?] |
| 97 | to vomit | [Term?] |
| 98 | to blow | [Term?] |
| 99 | to breathe | [Term?] |
| 100 | to laugh | tawé |
| 101 | to see | kelèq |
| 102 | to hear | dengo |
| 103 | to know | tau |
| 104 | to think | peker (meker) |
| 105 | to smell | ciom (nyiom) |
| 106 | to fear | takot |
| 107 | to sleep | tido |
| 108 | to live | idop |
| 109 | to die | puna |
| 110 | to kill | bono (mono) |
| 111 | to fight | lagé (belagé) |
| 112 | to hunt | boro (moro) |
| 113 | to hit | [Term?] |
| 114 | to cut | tetaq (netaq) |
| 115 | to split | belah (melah) |
| 116 | to stab | cocoq (nyocoq) |
| 117 | to scratch | [Term?] |
| 118 | to dig | kedok (ngedok) |
| 119 | to swim | denang |
| 120 | to fly | tegebang |
| 121 | to walk | jalan (bajalan) |
| 122 | to come | datang |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | goléq (ngoléq) |
| 124 | to sit | dodoq |
| 125 | to stand | cagaq (bacagaq) (action, state) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | beloq |
| 127 | to fall | umban (tumban) |
| 128 | to give | enjoq (ngenjoqké) |
| 129 | to hold | caqé (kecaqé) |
| 130 | to squeeze | pegas (megas) |
| 131 | to rub | kosoq (ngosoq) |
| 132 | to wash | sesa (nyesa) |
| 133 | to wipe | [Term?] |
| 134 | to pull | raet |
| 135 | to push | sogong |
| 136 | to throw | rémbat, létok (melétok), sawat (nyiwat) |
| 137 | to tie | [Term?] |
| 138 | to sew | jaet (nyaet) |
| 139 | to count | itong (ngitong) |
| 140 | to say | omong (ngomong) |
| 141 | to sing | nyanyi (banyanyi) |
| 142 | to play | maén (bamaén) |
| 143 | to float | [Term?] |
| 144 | to flow | antau |
| 145 | to freeze | [Term?] |
| 146 | to swell | bengkaq |
| 147 | sun | mategagay |
| 148 | moon | bulan |
| 149 | star | lintang |
| 150 | water | ayo |
| 151 | rain | ujan |
| 152 | river | sungi |
| 153 | lake | [Term?] |
| 154 | sea | laot |
| 155 | salt | uya |
| 156 | stone | batu |
| 157 | sand | bongen |
| 158 | dust | lebu |
| 159 | earth | tana |
| 160 | cloud | aban |
| 161 | fog | [Term?] |
| 162 | sky | lanét |
| 163 | wind | angén |
| 164 | snow | saljo |
| 165 | ice | [Term?] |
| 166 | smoke | [Term?] |
| 167 | fire | api |
| 168 | ash | awu |
| 169 | to burn | motong |
| 170 | road | larén |
| 171 | mountain | [Term?] |
| 172 | red | abang |
| 173 | green | ijaw |
| 174 | yellow | konéng |
| 175 | white | pote |
| 176 | black | itam |
| 177 | night | malam |
| 178 | day | agay |
| 179 | year | [Term?] |
| 180 | warm | angat |
| 181 | cold | dengén |
| 182 | full | peno |
| 183 | new | anyar |
| 184 | old | lawas |
| 185 | good | rengké |
| 186 | bad | jat |
| 187 | rotten | bosok |
| 188 | dirty | kotog |
| 189 | straight | logos |
| 190 | round | bulat |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | tajem |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | tompol |
| 193 | smooth | alus |
| 194 | wet | basa |
| 195 | dry | kegeng |
| 196 | correct | beno |
| 197 | near | pagaq |
| 198 | far | jao |
| 199 | right | kanan |
| 200 | left | kidaw |
| 201 | at | di |
| 202 | in | dalam |
| 203 | with | dingén |
| 204 | and | ngén, waq |
| 205 | if | kalu |
| 206 | because | kené |
| 207 | name | namé |
Bibliography edit
- Struktur Bahasa Musi [The Structure of Musi Language][1] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Linguistic Development Agency, Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic Indonesia, 1981
- Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Musi [Morphology and Syntax of Musi Language][2] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Linguistic Development Agency, Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic Indonesia, 1985
- Struktur Sastra Lisan Musi [Musi Oral Literature Structure][3] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Linguistic Development Agency, Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic Indonesia, 1989, →ISBN
- Struktur Sastra Lisan Musi [Musi Oral Literature Structure][4] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Linguistic Development Agency, Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic Indonesia, 1989
- Pemetaan bahasa-bahasa daerah di Sumatera Selatan [Languages Mapping in South Sumatra][5] (in Indonesian), Palembang: South Sumatra Linguistic Center, 2017, →ISBN