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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English IlocanoIloko edit (207) 1 I (1sg )siak 2 you (2sg )sika dakayo 3 he , she , it (3sg )isu isuna 4 we (1pl )datayo inclusive sikami exclusive 5 you (2pl )dakayo 6 they (3pl )isuda 7 this daytoy 8 that dayta far from speaker but closer to person being spoken to daydiay far from speaker and person being speaker to 9 here ditoy 10 there dita far from speaker but closer to person being spoken to sadiay far from speaker and person being speaker to 11 who sino siasino 12 what ania 13 where sadino 14 when kaano 15 how kas-ano kasano 16 not saan 17 all amin 18 many adu 19 some maano 20 few bassit 21 other sabali 22 one maysa 23 two dua 24 three tallo 25 four uppat 26 five lima 27 big dakkel 28 long atiddog 29 wide akaba nalawa 30 thick napuskol 31 heavy nadagsen 32 small bassit 33 short ababa pandek 34 narrow akikid 35 thin naingpis nakuttong 36 woman babai 37 man (adult male)lalaki 38 man (human being)tao 39 child anak ubing 40 wife baket 41 husband lakay 42 mother ina 43 father ama 44 animal ayop animal 45 fish lames 46 bird billit 47 dog aso 48 louse kuto 49 snake uleg 50 worm igges 51 tree kayo 52 forest bakir 53 stick sarukod 54 fruit bunga 55 seed bin-i 56 leaf bulong 57 root ramot 58 bark (of a tree)ukis 59 flower sabong 60 grass ruot 61 rope galot 62 skin lalatan 63 meat lasag 64 blood dara 65 bone tulang 66 fat (noun)taba 67 egg itlog 68 horn sara 69 tail ipus 70 feather dutdut 71 hair buok 72 head ulo 73 ear lapayag 74 eye mata 75 nose agong 76 mouth ngiwat 77 tooth ngipen 78 tongue (organ)dila 79 fingernail kuko 80 foot saka 81 leg gurong 82 knee tumeng 83 hand ima 84 wing payak 85 belly tian 86 guts bagis 87 neck bengnged 88 back bukot 89 breast suso 90 heart puso 91 liver dalem 92 to drink aginom 93 to eat mangan 94 to bite agkagat 95 to suck agigup 96 to spit tumupra 97 to vomit sumarua 98 to blow pumuyot 99 to breathe aganges 100 to laugh kumatawa 101 to see makita 102 to hear agdengngeg 103 to know naamuan 104 to think agpanunot 105 to smell anguten 106 to fear agbuteng 107 to sleep maturog 108 to live agbiag 109 to die natay 110 to kill pumatay 111 to fight aglaban 112 to hunt agsilo 113 to hit tumama 114 to cut putiden 115 to split agpisi 116 to stab agbagsol 117 to scratch agkudkid 118 to dig agkali 119 to swim aglangoy 120 to fly agtayab 121 to walk agmagna 122 to come umay 123 to lie (as in a bed) agidda 124 to sit agtugaw 125 to stand tumakder 126 to turn (intransitive) agkillo 127 to fall matinnag 128 to give agited 129 to hold agiggem 130 to squeeze pekkelen 131 to rub agkuskos 132 to wash agbuggo 133 to wipe agpunas 134 to pull agguyod 135 to push agduron 136 to throw agbagsay 137 to tie agitali 138 to sew agdait 139 to count agbilang 140 to say agsao 141 to sing agkanta 142 to play agay-ayam 143 to float aglugan 144 to flow agayus 145 to freeze agbalin a yelo 146 to swell bengkak membengkak 147 sun aldaw 148 moon bulan 149 star bituen 150 water danum 151 rain uran 152 river karayan 153 lake danaw 154 sea baybay 155 salt asin 156 stone bato 157 sand darat 158 dust buli 159 earth daga 160 cloud ulep 161 fog angep 162 sky langit 163 wind angin 164 snow niebe 165 ice yelo 166 smoke asok 167 fire apoy 168 ash dapo 169 to burn agpuor 170 road dalan 171 mountain bantay 172 red nalabaga 173 green berde 174 yellow duyaw 175 white puraw 176 black ngisit 177 night rabii 178 day aldaw 179 year tawen 180 warm nabara 181 cold nalamiis nalam-ek 182 full napno 183 new baro 184 old daan inanimate baket lakay animate 185 good naimbag nasayaat 186 bad dakes 187 rotten nalungsot 188 dirty narugit 189 straight nalinteg 190 round nagtimbukel 191 sharp (as a knife)natadem 192 dull (as a knife)nangudel napurol 193 smooth nalamuyot 194 wet nabasa 195 dry namaga 196 correct umno 197 near asideg 198 far adayo 199 right kanawan 200 left kanigid 201 at iti 202 in iti 203 with kaddua 204 and ken 205 if no 206 because gapu 207 name nagan
Swadesh lists
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