Appendix:Chechen Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Chechen, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| No. | English | Chechen Nokhchiin mott |
Latin | IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | со (so), ас (as) (erg.) | ||
| 2 | you (singular) | хьо (ḥʳo) | ||
| 3 | he | иза (iza), и (i), az, ez | ||
| 4 | we | тхо (txo), вай (vaj) (incl.) | ||
| 5 | you (plural) | шу (šu) | ||
| 6 | they | уьш (üš), ish, awsh | ||
| 7 | this | хӏара (hara), har(a) | ||
| 8 | that | дӏара (dˀara) | ||
| 9 | here | кхузахь (quzaḥʳ), uddaħ, kxuzige | ||
| 10 | there | цигахь (cigaḥʳ), dʕōgaħ, eccaħ | ||
| 11 | who | мила (mila), h'amo | ||
| 12 | what | хӏун (hun) | ||
| 13 | where | мичахь (mičaḥʳ), stengaħ (var. tengaħ, sengaħ) | ||
| 14 | when | маца (maca), matz(a) | ||
| 15 | how | муха (muxa), mugh(a), mih, müscht | ||
| 16 | not | ца (ca), -ац (-ac); (imp.) ма (ma) | ||
| 17 | all | дерриг (derrig), hora, sha-var/bar/dar, masso | ||
| 18 | many | дукха (duqa), duqo | ||
| 19 | some | цхьадерг (cḥʳaderg), цхьаццадерг (cḥʳaccaderg); цхьаберш (cḥʳaberš), tzħ'atsberrish | ||
| 20 | few | цхьадолу (cḥʳadolu), цхьаццадолу (cḥʳaccadolu), tzħ'adol | ||
| 21 | other | кхин (qin), важа (važa), kxinag, vuqa | ||
| 22 | one | цхьаъ (cḥʳaʔ) | ||
| 23 | two | шиъ (šiʔ) | ||
| 24 | three | кхоъ (qoʔ) | ||
| 25 | four | диъ (diʔ) | ||
| 26 | five | пхиъ (pxiʔ) | ||
| 27 | big | доккха (doqqa), v-oqqa, y-oqqa | ||
| 28 | long | деха (dexa), yeha, d-ehi | ||
| 29 | wide | шуьйра (šüüra) | ||
| 30 | thick | стомма (stomma) | ||
| 31 | heavy | деза (deza) | ||
| 32 | small | жима (žima) | ||
| 33 | short | доца (doca) | ||
| 34 | narrow | готта (gotta) | ||
| 35 | thin | дуткъа (dutqʼa) | ||
| 36 | woman | зуда (zuda) | ||
| 37 | man (adult male) | стаг (stag) | ||
| 38 | man (human being) | адам (adam) | ||
| 39 | child | бер (ber), bér(a), gakki | ||
| 40 | wife | зуда (zuda), ste | ||
| 41 | husband | майра (majra), mára | ||
| 42 | mother | нана (nana) | ||
| 43 | father | да (da), dad | ||
| 44 | animal | дийнат (diı̇nat), экха (eqa) | ||
| 45 | fish | чӏара (čʼara) | ||
| 46 | bird | олхазар (olxazar), alhazur | ||
| 47 | dog | пхьу (pḥʳu), жӏаьла (žˀäla) | ||
| 48 | louse | меза (meza) | ||
| 49 | snake | лаьхьа (läḥʳa), текхарг (teqarg) | ||
| 50 | worm | нӏаьна (nˀäna) | ||
| 51 | tree | дитт (ditt) | ||
| 52 | forest | хьун (ḥʳun) | ||
| 53 | stick | ӏаса (ˀasa), дечиг (dečig) | ||
| 54 | fruit | стом (stom) | ||
| 55 | seed | хӏу (hu) | ||
| 56 | leaf | гӏа (ğa) | ||
| 57 | root | орам (oram) | ||
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | кевстиг (kevstig) | ||
| 59 | flower | зезаг (zezag) | ||
| 60 | grass | буц (buc) | ||
| 61 | rope | муш (muš) | ||
| 62 | skin | цӏока (cʼoka) | ||
| 63 | meat | жижиг (žižig), dulh | ||
| 64 | blood | цӏий (cʼii) | ||
| 65 | bone | даьӏахк (däˀaxk) | ||
| 66 | fat (noun) | мохь (moḥʳ) | ||
| 67 | egg | хӏоа (hoa) | ||
| 68 | horn | маӏа (maˀa) | ||
| 69 | tail | цӏога (cʼoga), tuira, tivr | ||
| 70 | feather | пелаг (pelag) | ||
| 71 | hair | мас (mas), чо (čo) | ||
| 72 | head | корта (korta), kort(a) | ||
| 73 | ear | лерг (lerg) (dial. leg, lark, larg) | ||
| 74 | eye | бӏаьрг (bˀärg) (dial. bʕäg, bʕark) | ||
| 75 | nose | мара (mara) | ||
| 76 | mouth | бага (baga) | ||
| 77 | tooth | церг (cerg) | ||
| 78 | tongue (organ) | мотт (mott) | ||
| 79 | fingernail | маӏар (maˀar) | ||
| 80 | foot | ког (kog) | ||
| 81 | leg | ког (kog) | ||
| 82 | knee | гола (gola) | ||
| 83 | hand | куьг (küg), kuig, kug | ||
| 84 | wing | тӏам (tʼam) | ||
| 85 | belly | гай (gaj) | ||
| 86 | guts | чуьйраш (čüüraš) | ||
| 87 | neck | ворта (vorta), ghorta, yaʕni | ||
| 88 | back | букъ (buqʼ) | ||
| 89 | breast | накха (naqa) | ||
| 90 | heart | дог (dog) | ||
| 91 | liver | доӏах (doˀax) | ||
| 92 | to drink | мала (mala) | ||
| 93 | to eat | даа (daa), ya'a | ||
| 94 | to bite | цергаш йохка (cergaš joxka) (церг, дохка) | ||
| 95 | to suck | дакха (daqa), цӏубдан (cʼubdan) | ||
| 96 | to spit | туйнаш кхосса (tujnaš qossa), шетташ кхосса (šettaš qossa) (туй, кхосса) | ||
| 97 | to vomit | ӏетто (ˀetto) | ||
| 98 | to blow | хьекха (ḥʳeqa) | ||
| 99 | to breathe | садеӏа (sadeˀa) | ||
| 100 | to laugh | дела (dela) | ||
| 101 | to see | ган (gan) | ||
| 102 | to hear | хаза (xaza) | ||
| 103 | to know | хаа (xaa) | ||
| 104 | to think | ойла ян (ojla jan) | ||
| 105 | to smell | хьожа яха (ḥʳoža jaxa) | ||
| 106 | to fear | кхера (qera) | ||
| 107 | to sleep | наб ян (nab jan) | ||
| 108 | to live | даха (daxa) | ||
| 109 | to die | дала (dala) | ||
| 110 | to kill | ден (den) | ||
| 111 | to fight | лата (lata) | ||
| 112 | to hunt | талла эха (talla exa) | ||
| 113 | to hit | детта (detta) | ||
| 114 | to cut | хадо (xado) | ||
| 115 | to split | декъа (deqʼa) | ||
| 116 | to stab | ӏотта (ˀotta) | ||
| 117 | to scratch | мӏараш тийса (mˀaraš tiı̇sa) | ||
| 118 | to dig | ахка (axka) | ||
| 119 | to swim | нека дан (neka dan) | ||
| 120 | to fly | лела (lela) | ||
| 121 | to walk | даха (daxa) | ||
| 122 | to come | дан (dan) | ||
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ӏилла (ˀilla) | ||
| 124 | to sit | хиъна ӏан (xiʔna ˀan) | ||
| 125 | to stand | латта (latta) | ||
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | харца (xarca) | ||
| 127 | to fall | дожа (doža) | ||
| 128 | to give | дала (dala), dal(a) | ||
| 129 | to hold | латто (latto) | ||
| 130 | to squeeze | ӏовда (ˀovda) | ||
| 131 | to rub | хьекха (ḥʳeqa) | ||
| 132 | to wash | дила (dila) | ||
| 133 | to wipe | дӏадаккха (dˀadaqqa) | ||
| 134 | to pull | ийза (iı̇za) | ||
| 135 | to push | татта (tatta) | ||
| 136 | to throw | кхосса (qossa) | ||
| 137 | to tie | дехка (dexka) | ||
| 138 | to sew | тега (tega) | ||
| 139 | to count | дагардан (dagardan) | ||
| 140 | to say | ала (ala) | ||
| 141 | to sing | лакха (laqa) | ||
| 142 | to play | ловза (lovza) | ||
| 143 | to float | нека дан (neka dan) | ||
| 144 | to flow | эха (exa) | ||
| 145 | to freeze | гӏоро (ğoro) | ||
| 146 | to swell | деста (desta) | ||
| 147 | sun | малх (malx) | ||
| 148 | moon | бутт (butt) | ||
| 149 | star | седа (seda) | ||
| 150 | water | хи (xi) | ||
| 151 | rain | догӏа (doğa) | ||
| 152 | river | хи (xi), ehk, ark, erk | ||
| 153 | lake | ӏам (ˀam) | ||
| 154 | sea | хӏорд (hord) | ||
| 155 | salt | туьха (tüxa), tuih | ||
| 156 | stone | тӏулг (tʼulg), kxer | ||
| 157 | sand | гӏум (ğum) | ||
| 158 | dust | чан (čan) | ||
| 159 | earth | латта (latta) | ||
| 160 | cloud | марха (marxa) | ||
| 161 | fog | дохк (doxk) | ||
| 162 | sky | стигал (stigal), ana | ||
| 163 | wind | мох (mox) | ||
| 164 | snow | ло (lo) | ||
| 165 | ice | ша (ša) | ||
| 166 | smoke | кӏур (kʼur) | ||
| 167 | fire | цӏе (cʼe) | ||
| 168 | ash | чим (čim), юкъ (juqʼ) | ||
| 169 | to burn | дага (daga) | ||
| 170 | road | некъ (neqʼ) | ||
| 171 | mountain | лам (lam), artz | ||
| 172 | red | цӏен (cʼen), ts'i | ||
| 173 | green | баьццара (bäccara), bursa | ||
| 174 | yellow | можа (moža) | ||
| 175 | white | кайн (kajn), k'ay(n) | ||
| 176 | black | ӏаьржа (ˀärža), ʕaerdzha | ||
| 177 | night | буьйса (büüsa) | ||
| 178 | day | де (de) | ||
| 179 | year | шо (šo) | ||
| 180 | warm | довха (dovxa), dovho | ||
| 181 | cold | шийла (šiı̇la), shiilo | ||
| 182 | full | дуьззина (düzzina), duzzan | ||
| 183 | new | керла (kerla), цӏена (cʼena), ts'en(а) | ||
| 184 | old | къена (qʼena), шира (šira) | ||
| 185 | good | диканиг (dikanig), dikaŋ, dikiŋ | ||
| 186 | bad | вон (von), moŋ | ||
| 187 | rotten | дахкаделла (daxkadella) | ||
| 188 | dirty | боьха (böxa) | ||
| 189 | straight | нийса (niı̇sa) | ||
| 190 | round | горга (gorga) | ||
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ира (ira) | ||
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | аьрта (ärta) | ||
| 193 | smooth | шера (šera) | ||
| 194 | wet | тӏеда (tʼeda), t'ade | ||
| 195 | dry | декъа (deqʼa) | ||
| 196 | correct | нийса (niı̇sa), niys | ||
| 197 | near | гергара (gergara), уллера (ullera), юххера (juxxera) | ||
| 198 | far | гена (gena), géna | ||
| 199 | right | аьтту (ättu) | ||
| 200 | left | аьрру (ärru) | ||
| 201 | at | тӏехь (tʼeḥʳ) | ||
| 202 | in | -чохь (-čoḥʳ) | ||
| 203 | with | -ца (-ca), -atz, -tzi | ||
| 204 | and | a | ||
| 205 | if | нагахь (nagaḥʳ) | ||
| 206 | because | хӏунда аьлча (hunda älča) | ||
| 207 | name | цӏе (cʼe) |
See also edit
- Appendix:Nakh Swadesh lists - includes Ingush and (dialectal) Chechen
External links edit
- Annotated 100-word Swadesh list at the Global Lexicostatistical Database (compilation: G. Starostin)
- Madzhid Khalilov. 2015. Chechen dictionary. In: Key, Mary Ritchie & Comrie, Bernard (eds.) The Intercontinental Dictionary Series. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. (Available online at http://ids.clld.org/contributions/75, Accessed on 2018-05-03.)
- Wiktionary : Swadesh list