共和

Chinese edit

		all together; in while; to share all together; in while; to share; common; general; together; total	mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
simp. and trad. (共和)		共	和

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共和

Etymology edit

Gonghe Regency: Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和). This reading has been confirmed by the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips.^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): gònghé

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gong⁴ ho²

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
Cantonese (Jyutping): gung⁶ wo⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): kung⁵ fo⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khiung-fò

(Meixian, Guangdong): kiung⁴ fo²
Jin (Wiktionary): gung³ hue¹
Northern Min (KCR): gō̤ng-uǎ
Eastern Min (BUC): gê̤ṳng-huò
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kiōng-hô͘ / kiōng-hô

(Teochew, Peng'im): gang⁷ hua⁵
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶gon-wu
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong⁵ ho²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gònghé
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gònghé
  - Wade–Giles: kung⁴-ho²
  - Yale: gùng-hé
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonqher
  - Palladius: гунхэ (gunxɛ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: gong⁴ ho²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gungxo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gung⁶ wo⁴
  - Yale: guhng wòh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gung⁶ wo⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: gung⁶ wo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: kung⁵ fo⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung-fò
  - Hakka Romanization System: kiung foˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kiung⁴ fo²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kiung⁴ fo²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: gung³ hue¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /kũŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gō̤ng-uǎ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng-huò
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋuo⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô͘
  - Tâi-lô: kiōng-hôo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghoo
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô
  - Tâi-lô: kiōng-hô
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghooi
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gang⁷ hua⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kāng huâ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶gon-wu
  - MiniDict: gon^去 wu
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³gon-hhu
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁴⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: gong⁵ ho²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

Middle Chinese: gjowngH hwa

Rime
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	渠用切	戸戈切
Baxter	gjowngH	hwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨoŋ^H/	/ɦuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡioŋ^H/	/ɦuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡioŋ^H/	/ɣuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guawŋ^H/	/ɦwa/
Li Rong	/ɡioŋ^H/	/ɣuɑ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭwoŋ^H/	/ɣuɑ/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯woŋ^H/	/ɣuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiòng	huó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung⁶	wo⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s [ɢ]ˤoj/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs ɡoːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	共	和
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gòng	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ gjowng^H ›	‹ hwa ›
Old Chinese	/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/	/*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English	together, all	harmonious
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	4182	4932
Phonetic component	共	禾
Rime group	東	歌
Rime subdivision	0	3
Corresponding MC rime	共	和
Old Chinese	/*ɡloŋs/	/*ɡoːl/

Noun edit

共和

republicanism; republic

Derived terms edit

中華人民共和國／中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
五族共和 (wǔzú gònghé)
共和主義／共和主义 (gònghé zhǔyì)
共和制 (gònghézhì)
共和國／共和国 (gònghéguó)
共和聯邦／共和联邦 (Gònghé Liánbāng)
共和黨／共和党 (Gònghédǎng)

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (共和):

→ Japanese: 共和(きょうわ) (kyōwa)
→ Korean: 공화(共和) (gonghwa)
→ Vietnamese: cộng hòa (共和)

Proper noun edit

共和

(historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)
- 共和十四年，大旱，火焚其屋，伯和篡位立，秋，又大旱。其年周厲王死，宣王立。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  共和十四年，大旱，火焚其屋，伯和篡位立，秋，又大旱。其年周厉王死，宣王立。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Bamboo Annals, circa 475 – 221 BCE
  Gònghé shísì nián, dàhàn, huǒ fén qí wū, bó Hé cuànwèi lì, qiū, yòu dàhàn. Qí nián zhōu Lìwáng sǐ, Xuānwáng lì. [Pinyin]
  In the fourteenth year of Gong['s ]He, there was a great drought; a fire burnt his residence. Earl He, by usurping the throne, was established [as ruler]. In autumn, there was another great drought. That year, King Li died; King Xuan was established.
(～縣) Gonghe County (a county of Qinghai, China)

Derived terms edit

周召共和

References edit

^ 華東師範大學中文系戰國簡讀書小組 (2011 December 29) “讀《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（貳）․繫年》書後（一）”, in 簡帛網‎^[1], archived from the original on 27 January 2012
^ Chen, Minzhen, Pines, Yuri (2018) “Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation”, in Asia Major‎^[2], volume 31.1, Academica Sinica, retrieved 2022-06-15, pages 1–27 (at pp 16–17)

Japanese edit

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
共	和
きょう Grade: 4	わ Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa).

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) きょーわ [kyòówá] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ːɰᵝa̠]

Noun edit

共(きょう)和(わ) • (kyōwa)

collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
republicanism

Derived terms edit

共和国(きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku)

References edit

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean edit

Hanja in this term
共	和

Noun edit

共和 • (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)

Hanja form^? of 공화 (“universal harmony, republicanism”).

Vietnamese edit

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
共	和

Noun edit

共和

chữ Hán form of cộng hoà (“republic”).

[1] 華東師範大學中文系戰國簡讀書小組 (2011 December 29) “讀《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（貳）․繫年》書後（一）”, in 簡帛網‎^[1], archived from the original on 27 January 2012

[2] Chen, Minzhen, Pines, Yuri (2018) “Where is King Ping? The History and Historiography of the Zhou Dynasty's Eastward Relocation”, in Asia Major‎^[2], volume 31.1, Academica Sinica, retrieved 2022-06-15, pages 1–27 (at pp 16–17)

[DJR-3] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

[SMK5-5] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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[2]

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共和

Contents

Chinese edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

See also edit

Proper noun edit

Derived terms edit

References edit

Japanese edit

Etymology edit

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

Derived terms edit

References edit

Korean edit

Noun edit

Vietnamese edit

Noun edit