年
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TranslingualEdit
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Han characterEdit
年 (Kangxi radical 51, 干+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 人手 (OQ), four-corner 80500, composition ⿱𠂉㐄 or ⿻午⿱一丨 or ⿻午丄)
Derived charactersEdit
- 𠈠, 哖, 𡋂, 姩, 𰑖, 𢬧, 𪰟, 𣑻, 𭯌, 脌, 𰏥, 𭽨, 𭾮, 𰏧, 𰪹, 𦀅, 𫻽, 𮜵, 𨦧, 𭙆, 𢆥, 𫮱, 𪪈, 𢆭, 𫑑
- 𨚶, 𢆘, 𭙂, 𫷗, 𰏫, 𢧚, 𮗐, 𨚽, 𭙄, 𭙅, 𫷜, 鵇, 𫷞, 𢆫, 𦮴, 𢆡, 𢆤, 𨴞, 𡒛, 𣠊, 𤩻, 𦒌
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 340, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9168
- Dae Jaweon: page 648, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 37, character 6
- Unihan data for U+5E74
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
年 | |
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| alternative forms | ||
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 年 | ||||||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | Libian (compiled in Qing) | ||
| Bronze inscriptions | Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | Clerical script |
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In the oracle bone script and early bronze inscriptions, it was originally 秂, an ideogrammic compound (會意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *niːŋ): semantic 禾 (“wheat; grain”) + phonetic 人 (OC *njin, “person”) – a person carrying wheat on his back – harvest.
In bronze inscriptions after the Western Zhou period, a stroke was often added to 人 to give 千 (OC *sn̥ʰiːn), which still acted as a phonetic component, and this form (秊) was inherited by later scripts. The current form is inherited from the clerical script, where libian (隸變) has occurred.
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ni(ː)ŋ ~ s-nik (“year”).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
年
- year (in generic contexts)
- 明年 ― míngnián ― next year
- 2012年 ― 2012 nián ― the year of 2012
- harvest
- annual
- age
- period of life
- 童年 ― tóngnián ― childhood
- period (in history)
- Chinese New Year
- things for the Chinese New Year
- Classifier for years.
- a surname
- 年羹堯／年羹尧 ― Nián Gēngyáo ― Nian Gengyao
Usage notesEdit
- Although 年 is the generic term for year, years of age are typically expressed in 歲／岁 (suì), a separate system based on the duodecennial orbital period of Jupiter. Ages in 歲／岁 (suì) are traditionally reckoned using the Chinese lunar calendar, beginning with 1 at the moment of birth and increasing not during birthdays but at the Chinese New Year.
See alsoEdit
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 年
DescendantsEdit
Others:
ReferencesEdit
- “年”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01194
- “Entry #2298”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
年
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: ねん (nen, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: でん (den)
- Kun: とし (toshi, 年, Jōyō); とせ (tose, 年); よわい (yowai, 年)←よはひ (yofafi, historical); みのり (minori, 年)
- Nanori: ね (ne)
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 年 |
| ねん Grade: 1 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 年 (nen, “year”). Compare modern Mandarin reading nián, Hakka ngièn, Cantonese nin4.
PronunciationEdit
CounterEdit
Derived termsEdit
| Japanese number-counter combinations for 年 (nen) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 一年 (ichinen) | 二年 (ninen) | 三年 (sannen) | 四年 (yonen) | 五年 (gonen) |
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| 六年 (rokunen) | 七年 (nananen) 七年 (shichinen) |
八年 (hachinen) | 九年 (kyūnen) 九年 (kunen) |
十年 (jūnen) |
| 100 | 1,000 | 10,000 | How many? What year? |
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| 百年 (hyakunen) | 千年 (sennen) | 一万年 (ichimannen) | 何年 (nannen) | |
NounEdit
- a year
- 年に一度
- nen ni ichido
- once a year
- 年に一度
SuffixEdit
- a grade, a school year
- 彼は中学 ２年だ。
- Kare wa chūgaku ni-nen da.
- He's in the second year in junior high school.
- 1984 February 15, Murakami, Motoka, “１年１組の六三四と嵐子の巻 [Class-1 Freshmen, Musashi and Ranko]”, in 六三四の剣 [Musashi’s Sword], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, pages 142–144:
- な、なんだおまえら⁉
- Na, nan da o-maera⁉
- Wh-Who the hell are you!?
- Ichi-nen ichi-kumi'‼ Natsuki Musashī‼
- Class-1 freshman!! Musashi Natsuki!!
- Onajiku Todoroki Ranko!
- Same here, Ranko Todoroki!
- な、なんだおまえら⁉
- 彼は中学 ２年だ。
- a year
- 2008年に橋を建設し始めるようだ。
- Nisenhachi-nen ni hashi o kensetsu shi hajimeru yō da.
- It seems like they will start constructing the bridge in (the year) 2008.
- 2008年に橋を建設し始めるようだ。
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
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| 年 |
| とし Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 年 – see the following entry. | ||
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| (This term, 年, is an alternative spelling of the above term.) |
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 年 |
| とせ Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
| For pronunciation and definitions of 年 – see the following entry. | ||||
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| (This term, 年, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.) |
ReferencesEdit
KoreanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Chinese 年 (MC nen).
| Historical readings |
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PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɲʌ̹n] ~ [jʌ̹n]
- Phonetic hangul: [년/연]
HanjaEdit
年, eumhun 해 년 (hae nyeon), South Korea 해 연 (hae yeon)
CompoundsEdit
Compounds
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
年: Hán Việt readings: niên[1][2][3]
年: Nôm readings: năm[1][2][3][4], nên[1][2][3], niên[1][2][4], niền[2]
CompoundsEdit
- 十年 (thập niên)
- 少年 (thiếu niên)
- 年少 (niên thiếu)
- 青年 (thanh niên)
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hồ (1976).