Wiktionary

伯

See also: 旧 and 佰
伯 U+4F2F, 伯
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F2F
← 伮
[U+4F2E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 估 →
[U+4F30]

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

伯 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人竹日 (OHA), four-corner 26200, composition ⿰亻白)

Derived charactersEdit

Further readingEdit

  • KangXi: page 96, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 466
  • Dae Jaweon: page 204, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 136, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+4F2F

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 伯

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 伯
Shang Spring and Autumn Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
Oracle bone script
 

j18802

Bronze inscriptions
 

b12252

Small seal script
 

s05673

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L38151

 

L38152

 

L38153

 

L38154

 

L38155

 

L38156

 

L27760

 

L27761

 

L27762

 

L27763

 

L27764

 

L27765

 

L27766

 

L27767

 

L27768

 

L27769

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (白) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
怕 *pʰraːɡs, *pʰraːɡ
帕 *pʰraːɡs, *mbraːd
粕 *pʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ
胉 *pʰaːɡ
泊 *baːɡ
箔 *baːɡ
魄 *tʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ
皕 *prɯɡ
伯 *praːɡ
百 *praːɡ
迫 *praːɡ
敀 *praːɡ, *pʰraːɡ
柏 *praːɡ
湐 *praːɡ
拍 *pʰraːɡ
珀 *pʰraːɡ
皛 *pʰraːɡ, *ɡeːwʔ
洦 *mpʰraːɡ, *mbraːɡ
白 *braːɡ
帛 *braːɡ
舶 *braːɡ
鮊 *braːɡ
陌 *mbraːɡ
帞 *mbraːɡ
袹 *mbraːɡ
蛨 *mbraːɡ
貊 *mbraːɡ
佰 *mbraːɡ
銆 *mbraːɡ
碧 *praɡ, *preɡ
咟 *ɦmreːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *praːɡ): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).

Etymology 1Edit

Unclear. Possibly an areal word (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Mru [script needed] (rak, “eldest brother”) and Kukish prak (“eldest brother”) (Löffler, 1966), as well as Lahu phâ (“god; lord”) < Thai พระ (prá) < Old Khmer bra or Angkorian Old Khmer braḥ, braḥh, brah (“distinguished; divine; excellent; holy; sacred; superior; etc.”) (see Khmer ព្រះ (preăh) for more).

Possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bʷaŋ ~ *pʷaŋ (“(paternal) uncle; elder brother”), in turn possibly related to 兄 (OC *hmraŋ, “elder brother”) (Benedict, 1972).

Alternatively, from 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”); compare 皤 (OC *paːl, *baːl, “white”), which underwent parallel semantic shift to "white-haired", though this is possibly folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 2 is the exoactive/transitive of pronunciation 1 (ibid.).

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • bǎi - vernacular (“husband’s elder brother”, e.g. 大伯子);
  • bāi - vernacular in some words (伯伯).
  • Cantonese
  • Hakka
  • Min Dong
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • peh - vernacular;
    • pek/piak - literary, surname;
    • phek - literary (limited, e.g. 山伯);
    • pit - only used in 伯勞.
  • Wu
    • Rime
    Character 伯
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
    Final (韻) 庚 (113)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) II
    Fanqie 博陌切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/pˠæk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/pᵚak̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/pak̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/paɨjk̚/
    Li
    Rong         		/pɐk̚/
    Wang
    Li         		/pɐk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/pɐk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		bo
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		bak1
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 伯
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		bó
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ pæk ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*pˁrak/
    English father’s elder brother

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 伯
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 193
    Phonetic
    component         		白
    Rime
    group         		鐸
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		伯
    Old
    Chinese         		/*praːɡ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    伯

    1. (archaic) eldest brother
    2. paternal uncle; father's elder brother
      三伯、三伯娘 [Cantonese]  ―  saam1 baak3, saam1 baak3 noeng4 [Jyutping]  ―  father's third elder brother; wife of a father's third elder brother
    3. form of address for senior males
    4. (historical) count (rank)
      See also: 五等爵位
    5. (Jilu Mandarin) mother
    6. (Jilu Mandarin) paternal aunt (wife of father's elder brother)
    7. (Wu) paternal aunt (father's sister)
    8. a surname

    Usage notesEdit

    In Old Chinese, sons of a same father are referred to in order as 伯 (bó, “first”), 仲 (zhòng, “second”), 叔 (shū, “third”) and 季 (jì, “fourth”). The usage of 仲 and 季 was later eliminated but 伯 and 叔 remained in use when referring to one's father's elder and younger brothers and male cousins. Moreover, 伯仲叔季 (bózhòngshūjì) was commonly used in personal names in the past, and this is still occasionally seen nowadays.

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 伯

    DescendantsEdit

    Sino-Xenic (伯):
    • → Japanese: 伯(はく) (haku, “count”)
    • → Korean: 백(伯) (baek, “count”)
    • → Vietnamese: bá (伯, “count”)

    Others:

    Etymology 2Edit

    PronunciationEdit

    DefinitionsEdit

    伯

    1. † Alternative form of 霸 (bà, “feudal chief”).
    2. † Alternative form of 霸 (bà, “to dominate; to lead”).

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 伯

    Etymology 3Edit

    For pronunciation and definitions of 伯 – see 陌 (“footpaths between fields going east to west; street; path; road”).
    (This character, 伯, is a variant form of 陌.)

    Etymology 4Edit

    For pronunciation and definitions of 伯 – see 佰 (“troop of 100 soldiers, or a leader of such unit, centurion; etc.”).
    (This character, 伯, is the draft (1955) first-round simplified and variant form of 佰.)
    Notes:

    ReferencesEdit

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    伯

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. count; earl
    2. eldest brother; eldest uncle
    3. chief official
    4. (abbreviation) Brazil

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    EtymologyEdit

    Kanji in this term
    伯
    はく
    Grade: S
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 伯 (MC pˠæk̚).

    PronunciationEdit

    AffixEdit

    伯(はく) • (haku) 

    1. count; earl
    2. Short for ブラジル／伯剌西爾 (Burajiru, “Brazil (a country)”).

    KoreanEdit

    Etymology 1Edit

    From Middle Chinese 伯 (MC pˠæk̚). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄇᆡᆨ〮 (póyk) (Yale: poyk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    HanjaEdit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    伯 (eumhun 맏 백 (mat baek))
    伯 (eumhun 큰아버지 백 (keunabeoji baek))

    1. Hanja form? of 백 (“eldest brother”).
      Synonym: 昆 (곤 (gon))
    2. Hanja form? of 백 (“father's elder brother”).
    CompoundsEdit
    Compounds

    Etymology 2Edit

    HanjaEdit

    伯 (eumhun 두목 패 (dumok pae))
    伯 (eumhun 우두머리 패 (udumeori pae))

    1. Hanja form? of 패 (“feudal chief; chieftain; feudal rank count; earl (abolished in the late 14th century)”).
    CompoundsEdit
    See alsoEdit

    Etymology 3Edit

    HanjaEdit

    伯 (eumhun 길 맥 (gil maek))

    1. (Literary Chinese) Alternative form of 陌 (맥 (maek))

    ReferencesEdit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    伯: Hán Việt readings: bá[1][2][3][4][5], bác[5]
    伯: Nôm readings: bá[1][2][3], bác[2][3][6]

    1. chữ Hán form of bá (“paternal uncle; father's older brother”).

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
    4. ^ Bonet (1899).
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Génibrel (1898).
    6. ^ Hồ (1976).
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