伯
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TranslingualEdit
Han characterEdit
伯 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人竹日 (OHA), four-corner 26200, composition ⿰亻白)
Derived charactersEdit
Further readingEdit
- KangXi: page 96, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 466
- Dae Jaweon: page 204, character 20
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 136, character 2
- Unihan data for U+4F2F
ChineseEdit
simp. and trad. |
伯 |
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Glyph originEdit
Historical forms of the character 伯 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Shang | Spring and Autumn | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |||||||||||||||||||
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | |||||||||||||||||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Old Chinese | |
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怕 | *pʰraːɡs, *pʰraːɡ |
帕 | *pʰraːɡs, *mbraːd |
粕 | *pʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
胉 | *pʰaːɡ |
泊 | *baːɡ |
箔 | *baːɡ |
魄 | *tʰaːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
皕 | *prɯɡ |
伯 | *praːɡ |
百 | *praːɡ |
迫 | *praːɡ |
敀 | *praːɡ, *pʰraːɡ |
柏 | *praːɡ |
湐 | *praːɡ |
拍 | *pʰraːɡ |
珀 | *pʰraːɡ |
皛 | *pʰraːɡ, *ɡeːwʔ |
洦 | *mpʰraːɡ, *mbraːɡ |
白 | *braːɡ |
帛 | *braːɡ |
舶 | *braːɡ |
鮊 | *braːɡ |
陌 | *mbraːɡ |
帞 | *mbraːɡ |
袹 | *mbraːɡ |
蛨 | *mbraːɡ |
貊 | *mbraːɡ |
佰 | *mbraːɡ |
銆 | *mbraːɡ |
碧 | *praɡ, *preɡ |
咟 | *ɦmreːɡ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *praːɡ): semantic 人 (“person”) + phonetic 白 (OC *braːɡ).
Etymology 1Edit
Unclear. Possibly an areal word (Schuessler, 2007). Compare Mru [script needed] (rak, “eldest brother”) and Kukish prak (“eldest brother”) (Löffler, 1966), as well as Lahu phâ (“god; lord”) < Thai พระ (prá) < Old Khmer bra or Angkorian Old Khmer braḥ, braḥh, brah (“distinguished; divine; excellent; holy; sacred; superior; etc.”) (see Khmer ព្រះ (preăh) for more).
Possibly related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bʷaŋ ~ *pʷaŋ (“(paternal) uncle; elder brother”), in turn possibly related to 兄 (OC *hmraŋ, “elder brother”) (Benedict, 1972).
Alternatively, from 白 (OC *braːɡ, “white”); compare 皤 (OC *paːl, *baːl, “white”), which underwent parallel semantic shift to "white-haired", though this is possibly folk etymology (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation 2 is the exoactive/transitive of pronunciation 1 (ibid.).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
伯
- (archaic) eldest brother
- paternal uncle; father's elder brother
- form of address for senior males
- (historical) count (rank)
- See also: 五等爵位
- (Jilu Mandarin) mother
- (Jilu Mandarin) paternal aunt (wife of father's elder brother)
- (Wu) paternal aunt (father's sister)
- a surname
Usage notesEdit
In Old Chinese, sons of a same father are referred to in order as 伯 (bó, “first”), 仲 (zhòng, “second”), 叔 (shū, “third”) and 季 (jì, “fourth”). The usage of 仲 and 季 was later eliminated but 伯 and 叔 remained in use when referring to one's father's elder and younger brothers and male cousins. Moreover, 伯仲叔季 (bózhòngshūjì) was commonly used in personal names in the past, and this is still occasionally seen nowadays.
CompoundsEdit
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DescendantsEdit
Others:
- → Manchu: ᠪᡝ (be)
- → Thai: แปะ (bpɛ̀), แป๊ะ (bpɛ́, “old Chinese man”) (via Teochew)
- → Vietnamese: bác (“uncle, aunt”)
Etymology 2Edit
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
伯
- † Alternative form of 霸 (bà, “feudal chief”).
- 王命尹氏及王子虎,內史叔興父策命晉侯為侯伯,……。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Wáng mìng Yǐnshì jí wángzǐ Hǔ, nèishǐ Shūxìngfǔ cè mìng Jìnhóu wèi hóu bà,....... [Pinyin]
- The king commanded the Yin lineage['s head], Royal Princeling Hu, and the court scribe Shuxingfu to draw up a document on bamboo strips commanding the Marquis of Jin to act as Overlord / Hegemon of the Marquises, [...].
王命尹氏及王子虎,内史叔兴父策命晋侯为侯伯,……。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 十七年,襄王告急于晉,晉文公納王而誅叔帶。襄王乃賜晉文公珪鬯弓矢,為伯,以河內地與晉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Shíqī nián, Xiāngwáng gàojí yújìn, Jìn Wéngōng nà wáng ér zhū Shūdài. Xiāngwáng nǎi cì Jìn Wéngōng guī chàng gōngshǐ, wèi bà, yǐ hénèi dì yǔ jìn. [Pinyin]
- In the 17th year, King Xiang announced an emergency to (and asked for emergency help from) Jin; Duke Wen of Jin took the King in then slew Shudai. The King therefore bestowed upon Duke Wen of Jin a jade tablet, sacrificial wine, bow, and arrows, made him Hegemon / Overlord, and granted Jin lands on the inside of the Yellow River.
十七年,襄王告急于晋,晋文公纳王而诛叔带。襄王乃赐晋文公珪鬯弓矢,为伯,以河内地与晋。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † Alternative form of 霸 (bà, “to dominate; to lead”).
- 文王伐崇,武王伐紂,齊桓任戰而伯天下。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5th – 3rd centuries BCE
- Wénwáng fá Chóng, Wǔwáng fá Zhòu, Qí Huán rèn zhàn ér bà tiānxià. [Pinyin]
- King Wen of Zhou smote Chonghou Hu; King Wu of Zhou smote King Zhou of Shang; Duke Huan of Qi used wars to dominate the world.
文王伐崇,武王伐纣,齐桓任战而伯天下。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
For pronunciation and definitions of 伯 – see 陌 (“footpaths between fields going east to west; street; path; road”). (This character, 伯, is a variant form of 陌.) |
Etymology 4Edit
For pronunciation and definitions of 伯 – see 佰 (“troop of 100 soldiers, or a leader of such unit, centurion; etc.”). (This character, 伯, is the draft (1955) first-round simplified and variant form of 佰.) |
Notes:
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ReferencesEdit
- “伯”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
CompoundsEdit
- 伯兄 (hakkei)
- 伯州 (Hakushū)
- 伯叔 (hakushuku)
- 伯爵 (hakushaku)
- 伯仲 (hakuchū)
- 伯楽 (bakurō), 伯楽 (bakuraku)
- 医伯 (ihaku)
- 画伯 (gahaku)
- 河伯 (kahaku)
- 侯伯 (kōhaku)
- 日伯 (nippaku)
- 方伯 (hōhaku)
- 伯夫人 (hakufujin)
- 神祇伯 (jingihaku)
- 伯爵 (hakushaku)
- 伯父 (oji)
- 伯母 (oba)
- 伯耆 (Hōki)
- 伯林 (berurin, “Berlin”)
- 希伯来 (heburai, “Hebrew”)
- 伯剌西爾 (burajiru, “Brazil”)
EtymologyEdit
Kanji in this term |
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伯 |
はく Grade: S |
on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 伯 (MC pˠæk̚).
PronunciationEdit
AffixEdit
KoreanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle Chinese 伯 (MC pˠæk̚). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄇᆡᆨ〮 (póyk) (Yale: poyk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
HanjaEdit
伯 (eumhun 맏 백 (mat baek))
伯 (eumhun 큰아버지 백 (keunabeoji baek))
CompoundsEdit
- 백구 (伯舅, baekgu)
- 백낭 (伯娘, baengnang)
- 백락 (伯樂, baengnak)
- 백로 (伯勞, baengno)
- 백모 (伯母, baengmo, “father's elder brother's wife”)
- 백부 (伯父, baekbu, “father's elder brother”)
- 백숙 (伯叔, baeksuk)
- 백씨 (伯氏, baekssi)
- 백자 (伯姊, baekja)
- 백작 (伯爵, baekjak)
- 백중 (伯仲, baekjung)
- 백형 (伯兄, baekhyeong)
- 가백 (家伯, gabaek)
- 강백 (講伯, gangbaek)
- 구백 (九伯, gubaek)
- 금백 (錦伯, geumbaek)
- 기백 (畿伯, gibaek)
- 기백 (箕伯, gibaek)
- 내백 (萊伯, naebaek)
- 동백 (東伯, dongbaek)
- 방백 (方伯, bangbaek)
- 북백 (北伯, bukbaek)
- 사백 (舍伯, sabaek)
- 사백 (詞伯, sabaek)
- 수백 (水伯, subaek)
- 시백 (詩伯, sibaek)
- 영백 (嶺伯, yeongbaek)
- 오백 (伍伯, obaek)
- 완백 (完伯, wanbaek)
- 의백 (醫伯, uibaek)
- 이백 (二伯, ibaek)
- 장백 (匠伯, jangbaek)
- 종백 (宗伯, jongbaek)
- 종백 (從伯, jongbaek)
- 토백 (土伯, tobaek)
- 하백 (河伯, habaek)
- 해백 (海伯, haebaek)
- 현백 (縣伯, hyeonbaek)
- 후백 (侯伯, hubaek)
- 백아절현 (伯牙絶鉉, baegajeolhyeon)
- 백이숙제 (伯夷叔齊, baegisukje)
- 백중숙계 (伯仲叔季, baekjungsukgye)
- 백중지간 (伯仲之間, baekjungjigan)
Etymology 2Edit
HanjaEdit
伯 (eumhun 두목 패 (dumok pae))
伯 (eumhun 우두머리 패 (udumeori pae))
- Hanja form? of 패 (“feudal chief; chieftain; feudal rank count; earl (abolished in the late 14th century)”).
CompoundsEdit
See alsoEdit
Etymology 3Edit
HanjaEdit
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
伯: Hán Việt readings: bá[1][2][3][4][5], bác[5]
伯: Nôm readings: bá[1][2][3], bác[2][3][6]
- chữ Hán form of bá (“paternal uncle; father's older brother”).