Wiktionary

-em

See also: Appendix:Variations of "em"

AlbanianEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

Related to më, mu, mua (“me”) and im (“my, mine”). -em is the Tosk and Standard Albanian variant of the Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”). The suffix -em (“I, me”) indicates the 1st person singular, mediopassive, present (same as Gheg -na). Used the same way as Greek verb suffix "-μαι/-mai" (also 1st pers., sg., mediopassive, indicative, present).

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. (personal suffix) used to form the 1st person singular present tense of verbs in mediopassive voice (indicative mood).
  2. Forms verbs in mediopassive voice from active voice
    active bëj (“I do, make, appear”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive bëhem (“I become, turn into”)
    active zbeh (“I make white(er), pale(er)”) + -em → mediopassive zbehem (“I'm getting pale(er), white(er)”)
  3. Forms mediopassive verbs from adjectives
    adjective shkurt (“short”) + o-steem + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive verb shkurtohem (“I become shorter”)
mediopassive personal suffixes (1st person singular)
indicative subjunctive conditional optative admirative
(dëftore) (lidhore) (kushtore) (dëshirore) (habitore)
present -em (të) -em (do të) -esha (u) -sha / -fsha (u) -am
continuous present (po) -em (po të) -em (po do të) -esha (po u) -am
imperfect -esha (të) -esha (u) -ësha
continuous imperfect (po) -esha (po të) -esha (po u) -ësha
aorist (u) -a / (u) -va - - - -
perfect j-am (+ participle) (të) j-em (+ participle) qof-sha (+ participle) qenk-am (+ participle)
past perfect I isha (+ participle) (të) isha (+ participle) (do të) isha (+ participle) qenk-ësha (+ participle)
past perfect II (aorist II) q-eshë (+ participle)
future I k-am (për t'u + participle) (do të) -em
future perfect k-am (për të qenë + participle) (do të) j-em (+ participle)

Related termsEdit

BislamaEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

English him, 'em

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. Indicates a transitive verb
    • 2008, Miriam Meyerhoff, Social lives in language--sociolinguistics and multilingual speech‎[1], →ISBN, page 344:
      Bang i wantem mi faen from mi ovaspen.
      (please add an English translation of this quote)

Usage notesEdit

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.

ChuukeseEdit

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. (added to possessive nouns) our (exclusive)

Related termsEdit

Chuukese possessive determiners
Small objects, concepts Large objects, living things Suffix
Singular First person ai nei -ei
Second person omw, om noum -om
Third person an noun -an
Plural First person äm (exclusive)
ach (inclusive)		 nöu̇m (exclusive)
nöüch (inclusive)		 -em (exclusive)
-ach (inclusive)
Second person ämi, ami noumi -emi
Third person ar nour -er

EtruscanEdit

RomanizationEdit

-em

  1. Romanization of -𐌄𐌌

GermanEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle High German -em, -eme, from Proto-West Germanic *-umē.

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. Masculine and neuter dative suffix, used in most determiners/pronouns and in strong adjectives.

Etymology 2Edit

Through reduction of the unstressed syllable.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /əm/, /ɛm/
  • Most or all places are locally pronounced with /əm/, but /ɛm/ is not rarely heard from outsiders.

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. Alternative form of -heim (placename suffix)
Derived termsEdit

Etymology 3Edit

Backformation from Phonem.

PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /ˈeːm/
  • Audio(file)

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. (linguistics) -eme
Derived termsEdit
German terms suffixed with -em

HungarianEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

SuffixEdit

-em

  2. (personal suffix, indefinite conjugation) Used to form the first-person singular present indicative of -ik verbs.
    eszik (“to eat”) → eszem (“I eat, I am eating”)
  4. (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Used to form the definite first-person singular present indicative of verbs.
    ért (“to understand”) → értem (“I understand [him/her/it]”)
  6. (possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)
    kert (“garden”) → a kertem (“my garden”)
Usage notesEdit
    Present tense indefinite – personal suffixes
Person Back
    vowel     		Front vowel
unrounded   rounded  
én 1st person singular -ok -ek -ök
-ik verbs (optional) -om -em -öm
te 2nd person singular -sz
after two consonants or a long vowel + t -asz -esz
after s, sz, z, dz -ol -el -öl
ő
maga
ön 		3rd person singular –
-ik verbs -ik
mi 1st person plural -unk -ünk
ti 2nd person plural -tok -tek -tök
after two consonants or a long vowel + t -otok -etek -ötök
ők
maguk
önök 		3rd person plural -nak -nek
after two consonants or a long vowel + t -anak -enek
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and
second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.
  • (personal suffix) Variants:
    -ok is added to back-vowel verbs
    -ek is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs
    -ök is added to rounded front-vowel verbs
    -om may be added to back-vowel -ik verbs
    -em may be added to unrounded front-vowel -ik verbs
    -öm may be added to rounded front-vowel -ik verbs
    Present tense definite – personal endings
Person Back vowel Front vowel
unrounded   rounded  
én 1st person singular -om -em -öm
te 2nd person singular -od -ed -öd
ő
maga
ön 		3rd person singular or
formal 2nd person singular 		-ja -i
mi 1st person plural -juk -jük
ti 2nd person plural -játok -itek
ők
maguk
önök 		3rd person plural or
formal 2nd person plural 		-ják -ik
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and
second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing.
  • (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Variants:
    -om is added to back-vowel verbs
    -em is added to unrounded front-vowel verbs
    -öm is added to rounded front-vowel verbs
  • (possessive suffix) Variants:
    -m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
    -am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
    -öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
DeclensionEdit

(possessive suffix):

Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)
singular plural
nominative -em —
accusative -emet —
dative -emnek —
instrumental -emmel —
causal-final -emért —
translative -emmé —
terminative -emig —
essive-formal -emként —
essive-modal -emül —
inessive -emben —
superessive -emen —
adessive -emnél —
illative -embe —
sublative -emre —
allative -emhez —
elative -emből —
delative -emről —
ablative -emtől —
non-attributive
possessive - singular 		-emé —
non-attributive
possessive - plural 		-eméi —

Etymology 2Edit

SuffixEdit

-em

  2. (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun or a verb to form a noun.
    jel (“sign”) → jellem (“character”)
    szél (“wind”) → szellem (“ghost, spirit”)
    illik (“to suit, to be proper”) → illem (“good manners, proper behaviour”)
Usage notesEdit
  • A final single l may become long ll. Variants:
    -am is added to back-vowel words
    -em is added to front-vowel words
DeclensionEdit
Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony)
singular plural
nominative -em -emek
accusative -emet -emeket
dative -emnek -emeknek
instrumental -emmel -emekkel
causal-final -emért -emekért
translative -emmé -emekké
terminative -emig -emekig
essive-formal -emként -emekként
essive-modal -emül -emekül
inessive -emben -emekben
superessive -emen -emeken
adessive -emnél -emeknél
illative -embe -emekbe
sublative -emre -emekre
allative -emhez -emekhez
elative -emből -emekből
delative -emről -emekről
ablative -emtől -emektől
non-attributive
possessive - singular 		-emé -emeké
non-attributive
possessive - plural 		-eméi -emekéi
Possessive forms of -em
possessor single possession multiple possessions
1st person sing. -emem -emeim
2nd person sing. -emed -emeid
3rd person sing. -eme -emei
1st person plural -emünk -emeink
2nd person plural -emetek -emeitek
3rd person plural -emük -emeik
Derived termsEdit
Hungarian nouns suffixed with -em

See alsoEdit

LatinEdit

PronunciationEdit

Etymology 1Edit

See -ēs (suffix forming third-declension feminine abstract nouns).

SuffixEdit

-em f

  1. accusative singular of -ēs

Etymology 2Edit

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. first-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)

Old IrishEdit

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Celtic *-mū, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.[1]

SuffixEdit

-em m

  1. Forms occupational nouns.
    ‎flaith (“rule”) + ‎-em → ‎flaithem (“ruler”)
    ‎breth (“judgement”) + ‎-em → ‎brithem (“judge”)
    ‎fíach (“debt”) + ‎-em → ‎féchem (“debtor”)
InflectionEdit
Masculine n-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -em -emainL -emain
Vocative -em -emainL -emnaH
Accusative -emainN -emainL -emnaH
Genitive -eman -emanL -emanN
Dative -emainL, -emL -emnaib -emnaib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization
Derived termsEdit
Old Irish terms suffixed with -em

Etymology 2Edit

From Proto-Celtic *-īmā, a verbal noun suffix for -ī- verbs in Celtic. Cognate with Welsh -i, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.

SuffixEdit

-em f

  1. Forms verbal nouns of class A II weak verbs with roots ending in dentals.
    ‎feithid (“to watch over”) + ‎-em → ‎fethem (“watching over”)
    ‎moídid (“to boast”) + ‎-em → ‎moídem (“boasting”)
    ‎ad·gládathar (“to converse with”) + ‎-em → ‎acaldam (“conversation”)
InflectionEdit
Feminine ā-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative -emL — —
Vocative -emL — —
Accusative -imN — —
Genitive -meH — —
Dative -imL — —
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization
DescendantsEdit
  • Irish: -amh
  • Scottish Gaelic: -amh

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*karafyo-(mon)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 189-190

PijinEdit

Alternative formsEdit

EtymologyEdit

English him, 'em

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. Indicates a transitive verb

Usage notesEdit

The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.

Vlax RomaniEdit

EtymologyEdit

Inherited from Romani -ǒm.

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. Attaches to the perfective stem to form the first-person singular past tense.

VolapükEdit

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. An inanimate collective morpheme for a group of things

Derived termsEdit

Volapük terms suffixed with -em

WelshEdit

PronunciationEdit

SuffixEdit

-em

  1. (literary) verb suffix for the first-person plural imperfect/conditional

Derived termsEdit

Category Welsh terms suffixed with -em not found
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