-in
See also: Appendix:Variations of "in"
EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
-in
- (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).
- a neutral chemical compound
- an enzyme
- an antibiotic
- a pharmaceutical product
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From the particle in, modelled after sit-in. Compare -off.
SuffixEdit
-in
- Attached to a word (usually a verb) to denote a protest, demonstration or other type of gathering characterized by the activity denoted by the base word.
Derived termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- Harder, K. B. (1968), “Coinages of the Type of “Sit-In.””, in American Speech, volume 43, issue 1, , pages 58–64
Etymology 3Edit
Alternative formsEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
- (proscribed, dialect) Alternative form of -ing.
Etymology 4Edit
SuffixEdit
-in
AnagramsEdit
AzerbaijaniEdit
Etymology 1Edit
SuffixEdit
| preceding vowel | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
| postconsonantal | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
| postvocalic | -n | |||
-in
- Reflexive suffix.
- Suffix creating other types of verbs from other verbs.
Usage notesEdit
Verbs with monosyllabic vowel-ending stems generally take a y before the suffixes -il, -in, or -iş:
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
SuffixEdit
| preceding vowel | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
| postconsonantal | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
| postvocalic | -n | |||
-in
- Suffix creating nouns from verbs.
DeclensionEdit
| Declension of -in | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |||||||
| nominative | -in |
-inlər | ||||||
| definite accusative | -ini |
-inləri | ||||||
| dative | -inə |
-inlərə | ||||||
| locative | -ində |
-inlərdə | ||||||
| ablative | -indən |
-inlərdən | ||||||
| definite genitive | -inin |
-inlərin | ||||||
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
SuffixEdit
| preceding vowel | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
| postconsonantal except after L |
-ıl | -il | -ul | -ül |
| after L | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
| postvocalic | -n | |||
-in
- Form of -il (“[passive suffix]”) after the vowels E / Ə / İ with the consonant L.
Derived termsEdit
See -il.
ChuukeseEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
CzechEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
SuffixEdit
-in (adjective-forming suffix)
- suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals
- matčin bratr ― mother's brother
DeclensionEdit
Declension of -in (soft)
| singular | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine animate | masculine inanimate | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | -in | -ina | -ino | |
| genitive | -ina | -iny | -ina | |
| dative | -inu | -ině | -inu | |
| accusative | -ina | -in | -inu | -ino |
| locative | -ině | -ině | -ině | |
| instrumental | -iným | -inou | -iným | |
| plural | ||||
| masculine animate | masculine inanimate | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | -ini | -iny | -ina | |
| genitive | -iných | |||
| dative | -iným | |||
| accusative | -iny | -ina | ||
| locative | -iných | |||
| instrumental | -inými | |||
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- Hana Prouzová, Přivlastňovací přídavná jména na -ův, -in v současné češtině, Naše řeč, volume 47 (1964), issue 3
- Jaroslava Hlavsová, K některým místním (nářečním) rozdílům v tvoření vztahových adjektiv v češtině, Naše řeč, volume 65 (1982)
Etymology 2Edit
Borrowed from Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).
SuffixEdit
-in m inan (noun-forming suffix)
- (chemistry) -ine (suffix used to form names of chemical substances)
- adenin ― adenine
- olomoucin ― olomoucine
DeclensionEdit
DutchEdit
Alternative formsEdit
- -inne (obsolete)
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Dutch -inne, from Old Dutch *-inna, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in f (plural -innen, diminutive -innetje)
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Afrikaans: -in
FinnishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-in (instrumental suffix), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma.
SuffixEdit
-in
- Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.
- Forms some diminutive nouns.
DeclensionEdit
Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
| Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -inta | -imia | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| accusative | nom. | -in | -imet |
| gen. | -imen | ||
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -inta | -imia | |
| inessive | -imessa | -imissa | |
| elative | -imesta | -imista | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| adessive | -imella | -imilla | |
| ablative | -imelta | -imilta | |
| allative | -imelle | -imille | |
| essive | -imena | -imina | |
| translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | |
| instructive | — | -imin | |
| abessive | -imetta | -imitta | |
| comitative | — | -imineen | |
| Possessive forms of -in (type kytkin) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -imeni | -imemme |
| 2nd person | -imesi | -imenne |
| 3rd person | -imensa | |
Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
| Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -intä | -imiä | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -in | -imet | |
| accusative | nom. | -in | -imet |
| gen. | -imen | ||
| genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | |
| partitive | -intä | -imiä | |
| inessive | -imessä | -imissä | |
| elative | -imestä | -imistä | |
| illative | -imeen | -imiin | |
| adessive | -imellä | -imillä | |
| ablative | -imeltä | -imiltä | |
| allative | -imelle | -imille | |
| essive | -imenä | -iminä | |
| translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | |
| instructive | — | -imin | |
| abessive | -imettä | -imittä | |
| comitative | — | -imineen | |
| Possessive forms of -in (type kytkin) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -imeni | -imemme |
| 2nd person | -imesi | -imenne |
| 3rd person | -imensä | |
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-in (superlative suffix) (related to Karelian -in), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma. The oblique stem -impA, -immA is influenced by the oblique stem -mpA, -mmA of comparatives.
SuffixEdit
-in
- Forms superlative adjectives.
DeclensionEdit
Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
| Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -in | -immat | |
| genitive | -imman | -impien -inten | |
| partitive | -inta | -impia | |
| illative | -impaan | -impiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -in | -immat | |
| accusative | nom. | -in | -immat |
| gen. | -imman | ||
| genitive | -imman | -impien -inten -impainrare | |
| partitive | -inta | -impia | |
| inessive | -immassa | -immissa | |
| elative | -immasta | -immista | |
| illative | -impaan | -impiin | |
| adessive | -immalla | -immilla | |
| ablative | -immalta | -immilta | |
| allative | -immalle | -immille | |
| essive | -impana | -impina | |
| translative | -immaksi | -immiksi | |
| instructive | — | -immin | |
| abessive | -immatta | -immitta | |
| comitative | — | -impine | |
| Possessive forms of -in (type sisin) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -impani | -impamme |
| 2nd person | -impasi | -impanne |
| 3rd person | -impansa | |
Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
| Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -in | -immät | |
| genitive | -immän | -impien -inten | |
| partitive | -intä | -impiä | |
| illative | -impään | -impiin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -in | -immät | |
| accusative | nom. | -in | -immät |
| gen. | -immän | ||
| genitive | -immän | -impien -inten -impäinrare | |
| partitive | -intä | -impiä | |
| inessive | -immässä | -immissä | |
| elative | -immästä | -immistä | |
| illative | -impään | -impiin | |
| adessive | -immällä | -immillä | |
| ablative | -immältä | -immiltä | |
| allative | -immälle | -immille | |
| essive | -impänä | -impinä | |
| translative | -immäksi | -immiksi | |
| instructive | — | -immin | |
| abessive | -immättä | -immittä | |
| comitative | — | -impine | |
| Possessive forms of -in (type sisin) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -impäni | -impämme |
| 2nd person | -impäsi | -impänne |
| 3rd person | -impänsä | |
Derived termsEdit
See alsoEdit
Etymology 3Edit
See -n.
SuffixEdit
-in
- Instructive plural suffix.
- kaksin käsin ― with two hands
- paljain silmin ― with bare eyes
- pitkin askelin ― with long steps
- hyvissä ajoin ― in good time
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 4Edit
Probably by metathesis.
SuffixEdit
-in
Usage notesEdit
The use of this suffix is restricted to cases where it is not preceded by a labial vowel (o, u, y, ö), the vowel i, a long vowel (it is shortened if necessary) or a diphthong (since it itself forms a diphthong). It is not used if the resulting word would be monosyllabic.
Etymology 5Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-den (genitive plural suffix for some nouns), from the nominative plural ending *-t + genitive ending *-n (with an epenthetic *-e-).
SuffixEdit
-in
Usage notesEdit
- Suffixed to the nominative singular but the final -i changes to -e-.
- Note, however, that the more common suffix for the genitive plural is -en added to the plural stem ending with i or j. A link consonant d is also sometimes present.
- Nowadays this suffix is rare and usually gives an archaic tone. Certain proper nouns, however, retain this, e.g. Yhdysvaltain, from Yhdysvallat ("United States", singular stem Yhdysvalta-), where also the more modern form Yhdysvaltojen is possible.
See alsoEdit
Etymology 6Edit
SuffixEdit
-in
- Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.
AnagramsEdit
FrenchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in (feminine -ine, masculine plural -ins, feminine plural -ines)
SuffixEdit
-in m (plural -ins, feminine -ine)
- forms nouns with a diminutive or pejorative quality
Derived termsEdit
GermanEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle High German -inne, -in, from Old High German -inna, -in, from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
- IPA(key): /ɪn/, [ɪn]
Audio (file) - For speakers who realise -en as [ən], the distinction between both may at times be weak. However, most speakers have a syllabic nasal in -en and hence keep a very clear distinction.
SuffixEdit
-in f (genitive -in, plural -innen)
- creates the female form for many nouns for living beings; umlaut usually occurs in monosyllables, but rarely in polysyllables
- Arbeitgeber (“employer”) + -in → Arbeitgeberin (“employer (female person or sexless company)”)
- Autor (“author”) + -in → Autorin (“author (female person, i.e. a female author or authoress, or sexless company, abstract thing)”)
- Gott (“god”) + -in → Göttin (“female god, goddess”)
- Hund (“dog”) + -in → Hündin (“female dog, she-dog, bitch”)
- Katze f (“cat”) + -in → Kätzin (“female cat, she-cat”)
- Sänger (“singer”) + -in → Sängerin (“female singer”)
- Pastor (“pastor”) + -in → Pastorin (“female pastor”)
- (dated) names the wife of a person
- (dated) creates female personal names (for wives and daughters)
- Schwarz (proper noun) → Schwarzin (a female person with the name Schwarz, that is the wife or daughter of someone named Schwarz)
- 1743, Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden […] Fünf und Dreyßigster Band Schle-Schwa, Leipzig & Hallle, p. 2007:
- Schwartzin, (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.
- Schwartz (Sibylle [given name]) […] was a daughter of Christian Schwartz, […] born in 1621 […] and died on 13th July 1638.
- Schwartzin, (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.
Etymology 2Edit
From Latin -inus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in n (genitive -ins, plural -ine)
Derived termsEdit
IdoEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
- See -in-.
IndonesianEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Betawi -in, from Balinese -in.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
SynonymsEdit
- -kan (formal)
IngrianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Finnic *-inen. Cognates include Finnish -inen, -nen and Estonian -ne.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
- Forms adjectives indicating the material of which something is made; -en
- Forms diminutive nouns; -ie
DeclensionEdit
(back-vocalic)
|
(front-vocalic)
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
Etymology 3Edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
- inflection of -ia:
IrishEdit
SuffixEdit
-in f
DeclensionEdit
Declension of -in
|
Bare forms (no plural form of this noun)
|
Forms with the definite article
|
Further readingEdit
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977), “-in”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
JapaneseEdit
RomanizationEdit
-in
LivviEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Finnic *-in. Cognates include Finnish -in and Estonian -i.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
- Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.
Derived termsEdit
LuxembourgishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle High German -inne, -in, -īn. Compare German -in.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
- used to form the female versions of agent nouns
Derived termsEdit
MalteseEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Arabic ين (-īn), oblique case form of ون (-ūn), masculine personal plural suffix.
SuffixEdit
-in
- a common plural suffix
See alsoEdit
MarshalleseEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
- (phonetic) IPA(key): [ʲ‿inʲ, ˠ‿inʲ, ˠ‿ɯnʲ, ʷ‿inʲ, ʷ‿unʲ]
- (phonemic) IPA(key): /-inʲ/
- Bender phonemes: {-in}
SuffixEdit
-in
Usage notesEdit
This suffix is combined with nouns to create construct forms.
ReferencesEdit
Middle DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
SuffixEdit
-in
- -en; creates adjectives for the material of which something is made.
Alternative formsEdit
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Dutch: -en
Northern SamiEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the essive case of a possessive adjective in *-j-.
SuffixEdit
-in
- The ending of the comitative singular case.
Usage notesEdit
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the plural essive form.
SuffixEdit
-in
- The ending of the locative plural case.
Usage notesEdit
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
OjibweEdit
FinalEdit
-in
- act on by hand (often with a sense of holding an object)
Derived termsEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
- A suffix denoting the first-person singular to second-person singular form of a transitive animate verb (vta)
See alsoEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
- A local inverse them sign denoting that the second-person prefix gi- is the theme (object) of a transitive animate verb (vta) while the first-person agent (subject) is denoted by the verbal suffixes.
ReferencesEdit
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final-654923
Old High GermanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
SuffixEdit
-īn
- used to create adjectives from nouns
DescendantsEdit
- German: -en
Old NorseEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
Old PolishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
SuffixEdit
-in
- forms adjectives.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
PaliEdit
Alternative formsEdit
Alternative forms
SuffixEdit
-in
- Adjective in -ī/-inī/-i, meaning possessing what is denoted by the base.
Usage notesEdit
Independent vowels and vowel bearers are shown in the list of alternative forms to accord with basic grammar rules. These are converted to dependent vowels when the suffix is used.
Derived termsEdit
Words using this suffix are listed in their own category. Note that normally only the Latin script forms are listed, as etymology sections are normally restricted to the Latin script form.
PolishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
SuffixEdit
-in m inan
DeclensionEdit
Declension of -in
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
Inherited from Old Polish -in, from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
SuffixEdit
-in
- Alternative form of -iny.
Further readingEdit
PortugueseEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
Related termsEdit
ScotsEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu.
SuffixEdit
-in
- Used to form present participles of verbs.
- Used to form nouns from verbs.
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing.
SuffixEdit
-in
- Forms diminutives or to form collectives.
ReferencesEdit
- “-in, suff.” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
SpanishEdit
SuffixEdit
-in
- Alternative form of -ing.
TagalogEdit
Alternative formsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Philippine *-ən, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ən, from Proto-Austronesian *-ən.
PronunciationEdit
- (standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /ʔin/, [ʔɪn]
SuffixEdit
-in
- Verb suffix
- object trigger: to perform the action of the verb to someone or something
- Lulutuin ko ang isda. ― I will cook the fish. (literally: The fish will be cooked by me.) (The fish is focused.)
- directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of
- Dinalaw namin ang lola ni Olivia. ― We visited the grandmother of Olivia. (literally: Olivia's grandmother was visited by us.) (The grandmother is focused.)
- actor trigger: to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon
- Binabaha ang bahay niya. ― His house gets flooded. (His house is focused.)
- object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
- Iniisip ko minsan ang nakaraan ko. ― I sometimes think about my past. (literally: My past is sometimes thought about by me.) (My past is focused.)
- object trigger: to perform the action of the verb to someone or something
- Adjective-forming suffix: prone to, susceptible to
- an object of the action expressed by the root
- (Quezon) nature and origin suffix
- Quezon (“province”) + -in → Quezonin (“a native of Quezon”)
- Sampaloc (“municipality”) + -in → Sampalukin (“a native of Sampaloc, Quezon”)
- bayan (“town center or poblacion”) + -in → bayanin (“a local from the town center”)
- linang (“farm or remote area”) + -in → linangin (“a local from the farm”)
Usage notesEdit
- Normally, /h/ is inserted before -in when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/ or /r/.
- Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.
- Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -in.
Derived termsEdit
TurkishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Turkic *-niŋ.
SuffixEdit
-in
- Genitive case suffix for the nouns which end in a consonant
- öğretmen (“teacher”) + -in → öğretmenin (“teacher's/of the teacher”)
Usage notesEdit
- It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ün, -ın and -un according to the last vowel of the word.
- If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ" (see below).
- It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.
- If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "n".
- It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun. It cannot cause consonant voicing (point 3).
- Canberk + -in → Canberk'in
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Turkic *-iŋ.
SuffixEdit
-in
- Second-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.
Usage notesEdit
- If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes -n
- It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ün, -ın and -un according to the last vowel of the word.
- If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".
- It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.
- It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.
- Canberk + -in → Canberk'in
Etymology 3Edit
SuffixEdit
-in
WelshEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Brythonic *-in, from Proto-Celtic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-in f
- forms nouns characterised by root
- (obsolete) forms adjectives from nouns, usually nouns of material
- forms adjectives from other adjectives
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-in”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
WolofEdit
SuffixEdit
-in