-in
English edit
Etymology 1 edit
Suffix edit
-in
- (biochemistry) Used, as a modification of -ine, to form the names of a variety of types of compound; examples include proteins (globulin), carbohydrates (dextrin), dyes (alizarin) and others (vanillin).
- a neutral chemical compound
- an enzyme
- an antibiotic
- a pharmaceutical product
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
From the particle in, modelled after sit-in. Compare -off.
Suffix edit
-in
- Attached to a word (usually a verb) to denote a protest, demonstration or other type of gathering characterized by the activity denoted by the base word.
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- Harder, K. B. (1968) “Coinages of the Type of “Sit-In.””, in American Speech, volume 43, number 1, , pages 58–64
Etymology 3 edit
Alternative forms edit
Suffix edit
-in
- (proscribed, dialect) Alternative form of -ing.
Etymology 4 edit
Suffix edit
-in
Anagrams edit
Azerbaijani edit
Etymology 1 edit
Suffix edit
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-in
- Reflexive suffix.
- Suffix creating other types of verbs from other verbs.
Usage notes edit
Verbs with monosyllabic vowel-ending stems generally take a y before the suffixes -il, -in, or -iş:
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Suffix edit
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-in
- Suffix creating nouns from verbs.
Declension edit
Declension of -in | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||||||
nominative | -in |
-inlər | ||||||
definite accusative | -ini |
-inləri | ||||||
dative | -inə |
-inlərə | ||||||
locative | -ində |
-inlərdə | ||||||
ablative | -indən |
-inlərdən | ||||||
definite genitive | -inin |
-inlərin |
Derived terms edit
Etymology 3 edit
Suffix edit
preceding vowel | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
A / I | E / Ə / İ | O / U | Ö / Ü | |
postconsonantal except after L |
-ıl | -il | -ul | -ül |
after L | -ın | -in | -un | -ün |
postvocalic | -n |
-in
- Form of -il (“[passive suffix]”) after the vowels E / Ə / İ with the consonant L.
Derived terms edit
See -il.
Chuukese edit
Suffix edit
-in
Czech edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
Suffix edit
-in (adjective-forming suffix)
- suffix deriving possessive adjectives from nouns of feminine gender, usually from proper and common personal nouns, sometimes also from nouns referring to animals
- matčin bratr ― mother's brother
Declension edit
singular | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
masculine animate | masculine inanimate | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | -in | -ina | -ino | |
genitive | -ina | -iny | -ina | |
dative | -inu | -ině | -inu | |
accusative | -ina | -in | -inu | -ino |
locative | -ině, -inu | -ině | -ině, -inu | |
instrumental | -iným | -inou | -iným | |
plural | ||||
masculine animate | masculine inanimate | feminine | neuter | |
nominative | -ini | -iny | -ina | |
genitive | -iných | |||
dative | -iným | |||
accusative | -iny | -ina | ||
locative | -iných | |||
instrumental | -inými |
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Further reading edit
- Hana Prouzová, Přivlastňovací přídavná jména na -ův, -in v současné češtině, Naše řeč, volume 47 (1964), issue 3
- The template Template:R:cs:Nase rec does not use the parameter(s):
number=4
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.Jaroslava Hlavsová, K některým místním (nářečním) rozdílům v tvoření vztahových adjektiv v češtině, Naše řeč, volume 65 (1982)
Etymology 2 edit
Borrowed from Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).
Suffix edit
-in m inan (noun-forming suffix)
- (chemistry) -ine (suffix used to form names of chemical substances)
- adenin ― adenine
- olomoucin ― olomoucine
Declension edit
Dutch edit
Alternative forms edit
- -inne (obsolete)
Etymology edit
From Middle Dutch -inne, from Old Dutch *-inna, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in f (plural -innen, diminutive -innetje)
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
- Afrikaans: -in
Finnish edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Finnic *-in (instrumental suffix), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma.
Suffix edit
-in
- Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.
- Forms some diminutive nouns.
Declension edit
Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -in | -imet | ||
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | ||
partitive | -inta | -imia | ||
illative | -imeen | -imiin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | -in | -imet | ||
accusative | nom. | -in | -imet | |
gen. | -imen | |||
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | ||
partitive | -inta | -imia | ||
inessive | -imessa | -imissa | ||
elative | -imesta | -imista | ||
illative | -imeen | -imiin | ||
adessive | -imella | -imilla | ||
ablative | -imelta | -imilta | ||
allative | -imelle | -imille | ||
essive | -imena | -imina | ||
translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | ||
abessive | -imetta | -imitta | ||
instructive | — | -imin | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -in | -imet | ||
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | ||
partitive | -intä | -imiä | ||
illative | -imeen | -imiin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | -in | -imet | ||
accusative | nom. | -in | -imet | |
gen. | -imen | |||
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | ||
partitive | -intä | -imiä | ||
inessive | -imessä | -imissä | ||
elative | -imestä | -imistä | ||
illative | -imeen | -imiin | ||
adessive | -imellä | -imillä | ||
ablative | -imeltä | -imiltä | ||
allative | -imelle | -imille | ||
essive | -imenä | -iminä | ||
translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | ||
abessive | -imettä | -imittä | ||
instructive | — | -imin | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms edit
See also edit
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Finnic *-in (superlative suffix) (related to Karelian -in), probably from Proto-Uralic *-ma. The oblique stem -impA, -immA is influenced by the oblique stem -mpA, -mmA of comparatives.
Suffix edit
-in
- Forms superlative adjectives.
Declension edit
Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -in | -immat | |
genitive | -imman | -impien -inten | |
partitive | -inta | -impia | |
illative | -impaan | -impiin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -in | -immat | |
accusative | nom. | -in | -immat |
gen. | -imman | ||
genitive | -imman | -impien -inten -impainrare | |
partitive | -inta | -impia | |
inessive | -immassa | -immissa | |
elative | -immasta | -immista | |
illative | -impaan | -impiin | |
adessive | -immalla | -immilla | |
ablative | -immalta | -immilta | |
allative | -immalle | -immille | |
essive | -impana | -impina | |
translative | -immaksi | -immiksi | |
abessive | -immatta | -immitta | |
instructive | — | -immin | |
comitative | — | -impine |
Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
Inflection of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | -in | -immät | |
genitive | -immän | -impien -inten | |
partitive | -intä | -impiä | |
illative | -impään | -impiin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -in | -immät | |
accusative | nom. | -in | -immät |
gen. | -immän | ||
genitive | -immän | -impien -inten -impäinrare | |
partitive | -intä | -impiä | |
inessive | -immässä | -immissä | |
elative | -immästä | -immistä | |
illative | -impään | -impiin | |
adessive | -immällä | -immillä | |
ablative | -immältä | -immiltä | |
allative | -immälle | -immille | |
essive | -impänä | -impinä | |
translative | -immäksi | -immiksi | |
abessive | -immättä | -immittä | |
instructive | — | -immin | |
comitative | — | -impine |
Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 36*H/sisin, mp-mm gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms edit
See also edit
Etymology 3 edit
See -n.
Suffix edit
-in
- Instructive plural suffix.
- kaksin käsin ― with two hands
- paljain silmin ― with bare eyes
- pitkin askelin ― with long steps
- hyvissä ajoin ― in good time
Derived terms edit
Etymology 4 edit
Probably by metathesis.
Suffix edit
-in (poetic)
- A variant for the first-person singular possessive suffix -ni.
- rakkain (for rakkaani)
- syödäksein (for syödäkseni)
Usage notes edit
The use of this suffix is restricted to cases where it is not preceded by a labial vowel (o, u, y, ö), the vowel i, a long vowel (it is shortened if necessary) or a diphthong (since it itself forms a diphthong). It is not used if the resulting word would be monosyllabic.
Etymology 5 edit
From Proto-Finnic *-in (adjectival suffix), a variant of the diminutive suffix Proto-Finnic *-ma.
Suffix edit
-in
- (non-productive) Forms some adjectives.
Declension edit
Back vowel harmony declension (includes vowels a, o, u)
Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -in | -imet | ||
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | ||
partitive | -inta | -imia | ||
illative | -imeen | -imiin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | -in | -imet | ||
accusative | nom. | -in | -imet | |
gen. | -imen | |||
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | ||
partitive | -inta | -imia | ||
inessive | -imessa | -imissa | ||
elative | -imesta | -imista | ||
illative | -imeen | -imiin | ||
adessive | -imella | -imilla | ||
ablative | -imelta | -imilta | ||
allative | -imelle | -imille | ||
essive | -imena | -imina | ||
translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | ||
abessive | -imetta | -imitta | ||
instructive | — | -imin | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Front vowel harmony declension (includes vowels ä, ö, y)
Inflection of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -in | -imet | ||
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | ||
partitive | -intä | -imiä | ||
illative | -imeen | -imiin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | -in | -imet | ||
accusative | nom. | -in | -imet | |
gen. | -imen | |||
genitive | -imen | -imien -inten | ||
partitive | -intä | -imiä | ||
inessive | -imessä | -imissä | ||
elative | -imestä | -imistä | ||
illative | -imeen | -imiin | ||
adessive | -imellä | -imillä | ||
ablative | -imeltä | -imiltä | ||
allative | -imelle | -imille | ||
essive | -imenä | -iminä | ||
translative | -imeksi | -imiksi | ||
abessive | -imettä | -imittä | ||
instructive | — | -imin | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -in (Kotus type 33/kytkin, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms edit
Etymology 6 edit
From Proto-Finnic *-den (genitive plural suffix for some nouns), from the nominative plural ending *-t + genitive ending *-n (with an epenthetic *-e-).
Suffix edit
-in (rare)
- Forms the genitive plural.
Usage notes edit
- Suffixed to the nominative singular but the final -i changes to -e-.
- Note, however, that the more common suffix for the genitive plural is -en added to the plural stem ending with i or j. A link consonant d is also sometimes present.
- Nowadays this suffix is rare and usually gives an archaic tone. Certain proper nouns, however, retain this, e.g. Yhdysvaltain, from Yhdysvallat ("United States", singular stem Yhdysvalta-), where also the more modern form Yhdysvaltojen is possible.
See also edit
Etymology 7 edit
See -Vn (illative suffix).
Suffix edit
-in
- Suffix variant for the illative singular, see -Vn.
Anagrams edit
French edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Latin -īnus, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in (feminine -ine, masculine plural -ins, feminine plural -ines)
Suffix edit
-in m (plural -ins, feminine -ine)
- forms nouns with a diminutive or pejorative quality
Derived terms edit
Fula edit
Affix edit
-in
German edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle High German -inne, -in, from Old High German -inna, -in, from Proto-West Germanic *-ini, from Proto-Germanic *-inī.
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): /ɪn/, [ɪn]
Audio (file) - For speakers who realise -en as [ən], the distinction between both may at times be weak. However, most speakers have a syllabic nasal in -en and hence keep a very clear distinction.
Suffix edit
-in f (genitive -in, plural -innen)
- creates the female form for many nouns for living beings; umlaut usually occurs in monosyllables, but rarely in polysyllables
- Arbeitgeber (“employer”) + -in → Arbeitgeberin (“employer (female person or sexless company)”)
- Autor (“author”) + -in → Autorin (“author (female person, i.e. a female author or authoress, or sexless company, abstract thing)”)
- Gott (“god”) + -in → Göttin (“female god, goddess”)
- Hund (“dog”) + -in → Hündin (“female dog, she-dog, bitch”)
- Katze f (“cat”) + -in → Kätzin (“female cat, she-cat”)
- Sänger (“singer”) + -in → Sängerin (“female singer”)
- Pastor (“pastor”) + -in → Pastorin (“female pastor”)
- (dated) names the wife of a person
- (dated) creates female personal names (for wives and daughters)
- Schwarz (proper noun) → Schwarzin (a female person with the name Schwarz, that is the wife or daughter of someone named Schwarz)
- 1743, Grosses vollständiges Universal Lexicon aller Wissenschaften und Künste, Welche bishero durch menschlichen Verstand und Witz erfunden und verbessert worden […] Fünf und Dreyßigster Band Schle-Schwa, Leipzig & Hallle, page 2007:
- Schwartzin, (Sibylle) […] war eine Tochter Christian Schwartzens, […] gebohren 1621 […] und starb 1638 den 13 Jul.
- Schwartz (Sibylle [given name]) […] was a daughter of Christian Schwartz, […] born in 1621 […] and died on 13th July 1638.
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
From Latin -īnus, from Ancient Greek -ινος (-inos).
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in n (genitive -ins, plural -ine)
Derived terms edit
Etymology 3 edit
From Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in n (genitive -ins)
- A suffix found in place names of Slavic origin, especially in northeastern Germany
Derived terms edit
Ido edit
Suffix edit
-in
- See -in-.
Indonesian edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Balinese -in via Betawi -in.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in (active nge- -in, passive di- -in, accidental/perfective passive ke- -in)
Derived terms edit
Ingrian edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Finnic *-inën. Cognates include Finnish -inen, -nen and Estonian -ne.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in
- Forms adjectives indicating the material of which something is made; -en
- Forms diminutive nouns; -ie
Declension edit
(back-vocalic)
|
(front-vocalic)
|
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Finnic *-in. Cognates include Finnish -in and Estonian -i.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in
- Forms instrumental nouns from verbs.
Declension edit
(back-vocalic)
|
(front-vocalic)
|
Derived terms edit
Etymology 3 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in
Etymology 4 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in
- inflection of -ia:
Irish edit
Suffix edit
-in f
Declension edit
Bare forms (no plural form of this noun)
|
Forms with the definite article
|
Further reading edit
- Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “-in”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
Japanese edit
Romanization edit
-in
Livvi edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *-in. Cognates include Finnish -in and Estonian -i.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in
- Forms inanimate instrumental nouns from verbs.
Declension edit
This suffix needs an inflection-table template.
Derived terms edit
Luxembourgish edit
Etymology edit
From Middle High German -inne, -in, -īn. Compare German -in.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in
- used to form the female versions of agent nouns
Derived terms edit
Maltese edit
Etymology edit
From Arabic ين (-īn), oblique case form of ون (-ūn), masculine personal plural suffix.
Suffix edit
-in
- a common plural suffix
See also edit
Marshallese edit
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
- (phonetic) IPA(key): [ʲ‿inʲ, ˠ‿inʲ, ˠ‿ɯnʲ, ʷ‿inʲ, ʷ‿unʲ]
- (phonemic) IPA(key): /-inʲ/
- Bender phonemes: {-in}
Suffix edit
-in
Usage notes edit
This suffix is combined with nouns to create construct forms.
References edit
Middle Dutch edit
Etymology edit
From Old Dutch *-īn, from Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix edit
-in
- -en; creates adjectives for the material of which something is made.
Alternative forms edit
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
- Dutch: -en
Northern Sami edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the essive case of a possessive adjective in *-j-.
Suffix edit
-in
- The ending of the comitative singular case.
Usage notes edit
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Samic *-jnē, originally the plural essive form.
Suffix edit
-in
- The ending of the locative plural case.
Usage notes edit
- This suffix triggers the weak grade on a preceding stressed syllable.
Ojibwe edit
Final edit
-in
- act on by hand (often with a sense of holding an object)
Derived terms edit
Suffix edit
-in
- A suffix denoting the first-person singular to second-person singular form of a transitive animate verb (vta)
See also edit
Suffix edit
-in
- A local inverse them sign denoting that the second-person prefix gi- is the theme (object) of a transitive animate verb (vta) while the first-person agent (subject) is denoted by the verbal suffixes.
References edit
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final
- The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/in-final-654923
Old High German edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Germanic *-īnaz.
Suffix edit
-īn
- used to create adjectives from nouns
Descendants edit
- German: -en
Old Norse edit
Suffix edit
-in
Old Polish edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in
- forms adjectives
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
Pali edit
Alternative forms edit
Suffix edit
-in
- Adjective in -ī/-inī/-i, meaning possessing what is denoted by the base.
Usage notes edit
Independent vowels and vowel bearers are shown in the list of alternative forms to accord with basic grammar rules. These are converted to dependent vowels when the suffix is used.
Derived terms edit
Words using this suffix are listed in their own category. Note that normally only the Latin script forms are listed, as etymology sections are normally restricted to the Latin script form.
Polish edit
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Suffix edit
-in m inan
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Inherited from Old Polish -in, from Proto-Slavic *-inъ.
Suffix edit
-in
- Alternative form of -iny
Further reading edit
- -in in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Portuguese edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in
Related terms edit
Scots edit
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu.
Suffix edit
-in
- Used to form present participles of verbs.
- Used to form nouns from verbs.
Etymology 2 edit
From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing.
Suffix edit
-in
- Forms diminutives or to form collectives.
References edit
- “-in, suff.” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
Spanish edit
Suffix edit
-in m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ines)
- Alternative form of -ing
Tagalog edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Philippine *-ən, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *-ən, from Proto-Austronesian *-ən.
Pronunciation edit
- (Standard Tagalog) IPA(key): /in/, [ɪn]
Suffix edit
-in (verb-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)
- object trigger: to perform the action of the verb to someone or something
- Lulutuin ko ang isda. ― I will cook the fish (literally, “The fish will be cooked by me.”) (The fish is focused.)
- directional trigger: to do something in the (physical or psychological) direction of
- Dinalaw namin ang lola ni Olivia. ― We visited the grandmother of Olivia. (literally, “Olivia's grandmother was visited by us.”) (The grandmother is focused.)
- actor trigger: to be affected or overtaken by a condition, feeling or phenomenon
- Binabaha ang bahay niya. ― His house gets flooded. (His house is focused.)
- object trigger: (with root word reduplication) to do something occasionally, at random, a little, a bit, now and then or here and there
- Iniisip ko minsan ang nakaraan ko. ― I sometimes think about my past. (literally, “My past is sometimes thought about by me.”) (My past is focused.)
Suffix edit
-in (adjective-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)
- prone to, susceptible to
Suffix edit
-in (noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜈ᜔ or ᜁᜈ᜔)
- an object of the action expressed by the root
- (Quezon) nature and origin suffix
- Quezon (“province”) + -in → Quezonin (“a native of Quezon”)
- Sampaloc (“municipality”) + -in → Sampalukin (“a native of Sampaloc, Quezon”)
- bayan (“town center or poblacion”) + -in → bayanin (“a local from the town center”)
- linang (“farm or remote area”) + -in → linangin (“a local from the farm”)
Usage notes edit
- Normally, /h/ is inserted before -in when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/ or /r/.
- Sometimes, the final vowel of the root word disappears when the suffix is added.
- Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -in.
Derived terms edit
Turkish edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Turkic *-niŋ.
Suffix edit
-in
- Genitive case suffix for the nouns which end in a consonant
- öğretmen (“teacher”) + -in → öğretmenin (“teacher's/of the teacher”)
Usage notes edit
- It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ün, -ın and -un according to the last vowel of the word.
- If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ" (see below).
- It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.
- If the word ends in a vowel, it's used with an auxiliary consonant; "n".
- It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun. It cannot cause consonant voicing (point 3).
- Canberk + -in → Canberk'in
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Turkic *-iŋ.
Suffix edit
-in
- Second-person singular possessive suffix denoting singular possession in words ending in a consonant.
Usage notes edit
- If the noun ends in a vowel, it becomes -n
- It's used only when the word's last vowel is "e" or "i". It may change into -ün, -ın and -un according to the last vowel of the word.
- If the word ends in "p", "ç", "t" or "k", it may change them into "b", "c", "d" and "ğ".
- It may cause the last vowel of the word dropped.
- It must be used with an apostrophe if it's appended to a proper noun.
- Canberk + -in → Canberk'in
Etymology 3 edit
Suffix edit
-in
Welsh edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Brythonic *-in, from Proto-Celtic *-īnos, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-in f
- forms nouns characterised by root
- (obsolete) forms adjectives from nouns, usually nouns of material
- forms adjectives from other adjectives
Usage notes edit
-in causes i-affection of preceding vowels, e.g., aur (“gold”) + -in → eurin (“golden”), garw (“rough”) + -in → gerwin (“severe, harsh”).
Derived terms edit
References edit
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “-in”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Wolof edit
Suffix edit
-in