-la
Azerbaijani edit
Cyrillic | -ла | |
---|---|---|
Abjad | -لا |
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
preceding vowel | |
---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / Ə / İ / Ö / Ü |
-la | -lə |
-la
- Form of -lə after the vowels A / I / O / U.
Derived terms edit
See -lə.
Basque edit
Etymology 1 edit
Alternative forms edit
- -ela (in certain environments, see usage notes)
Conjunction edit
-la
- that
- Erantzuna dakizula uste dut. ― I think that you know the answer.
- while, as
- Menditik nenbilela istripu bat izan nuen. ― I had an accident while hiking on the mountains.
Usage notes edit
The form taken by this clitic depends on the ending of the verbal form to which it is attached.
- In verb forms ending with -ke, the result is -keela. Forms like naitekela are nonstandard but widespread.
- naiteke (“I can”) + -la → naitekeela (“that I can”).
- In verb forms ending with -n (excluding second-person singular informal feminine forms, see below), the -n is removed.
- nintzen (“I was”) + -la → nintzela (“that I was”).
- In verb forms ending with -t, the result is -dala.
- dakit (“I know it”) + -la → dakidala (“that I know it”).
- In second-person singular informal forms, the endings in -k or -n become -ala and -nala respectively.
- In verb forms ending in -u where the ending is not related to the -gu, -zu person markers, the result is -uela.
- ditu (“he has them”) + -la → dituela (“that he has them”).
- In auxiliary forms ending in -a the ending becomes -ela.
- dira (“they are”) + -la → direla (“that they are”).
- All other forms ending in a vowel take the suffix -la and those ending in -z the variant -ela.
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
Unknown, perhaps related to the allative suffix -ra.[1]
Suffix edit
-la
- Used to form adverbs from interrogative and demonstrative pronouns/determiners.
Derived terms edit
References edit
- ^ “-la” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk
Estonian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *-la. Cognate with Finnish -la.
Suffix edit
-la (genitive -la, partitive -lat)
- Forms nouns that signify a place.
Inflection edit
Declension of -la (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | -la | -lad | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | -la | ||
genitive | -late | ||
partitive | -lat | -laid | |
illative | -lasse | -latesse -laisse | |
inessive | -las | -lates -lais | |
elative | -last | -latest -laist | |
allative | -lale | -latele -laile | |
adessive | -lal | -latel -lail | |
ablative | -lalt | -latelt -lailt | |
translative | -laks | -lateks -laiks | |
terminative | -lani | -lateni | |
essive | -lana | -latena | |
abessive | -lata | -lateta | |
comitative | -laga | -latega |
Derived terms edit
Finnish edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *-la, from Proto-Finno-Ugric [Term?]. Cognate with Estonian -la.
Suffix edit
-la (front vowel harmony variant -lä, linguistic notation -lA)
- Forms nouns that signify a place, such as an abode, a house, a land of, etc. Often denotes a farm in many place names.
- Forms some nouns or adjectives, originally with a diminutive meaning.
Usage notes edit
- About 12% of Finns have a surname ending in -la/-lä, transferred from names of farms and small villages (oikonyms, talonnimi).
Declension edit
Inflection of -la (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
nominative | -la | -lat | ||
genitive | -lan | -loiden -loitten | ||
partitive | -laa | -loita | ||
illative | -laan | -loihin | ||
singular | plural | |||
nominative | -la | -lat | ||
accusative | nom. | -la | -lat | |
gen. | -lan | |||
genitive | -lan | -loiden -loitten -lainrare | ||
partitive | -laa | -loita | ||
inessive | -lassa | -loissa | ||
elative | -lasta | -loista | ||
illative | -laan | -loihin | ||
adessive | -lalla | -loilla | ||
ablative | -lalta | -loilta | ||
allative | -lalle | -loille | ||
essive | -lana | -loina | ||
translative | -laksi | -loiksi | ||
abessive | -latta | -loitta | ||
instructive | — | -loin | ||
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Possessive forms of -la (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Derived terms edit
Ingrian edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Finnic *-la. Cognates include Finnish -la and Estonian -la.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-la (front vowel variant -lä)
- Used to form place names.
- (name) Soikko + -la → Soikkola
- Used to form nouns signifying a place.
Declension edit
Declension of -la (type 3/kana, no gradation) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | -la | -lat |
genitive | -lan | -loin |
partitive | -laa | -loja |
illative | -laa | -loihe |
inessive | -laas | -lois |
elative | -last | -loist |
allative | -lalle | -loille |
adessive | -laal | -loil |
ablative | -lalt | -loilt |
translative | -laks | -loiks |
essive | -lanna, -laan | -loinna, -loin |
exessive1) | -lant | -loint |
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. |
Derived terms edit
References edit
- A. V. Krjukov (2018), “К этимологии топонима Сойкино/Soikkola”, in Притяжение Севера: язык, литература, социум. Ч. 1: материалы I Международной научно-практической конференции, pages 531-542
Italian edit
Pronoun edit
-la
- (enclitic) Alternative form of la
Usage notes edit
- Appended to present active infinitive verb forms to derive accusative forms when the object is third singular feminine person. The final -e of the original infinitive is removed :
Where the verb ends in -rre, the final re is removed, leaving behind just an -r:
- introdurre (“to introduce”) → introdurla (“to introduce her”)
In any case, after the suffixation, there is only a single r and no vowels immediately before -la.
Anagrams edit
Khalaj edit
Suffix edit
preceding vowel | |
---|---|
A / I / O / U | E / Ə / İ / Ö / Ü |
-la | -lə |
-la
- Form of -lə after the vowels A / I / O / U.
Latin edit
Suffix edit
-la
- inflection of -lus:
Suffix edit
-lā
Old Norse edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Germanic *-lōną.
Suffix edit
-la
- frequentative verbal suffix
Conjugation edit
infinitive | -la | |
---|---|---|
present participle | -landi | |
past participle | -laðr | |
indicative | present | past |
1st-person singular | -la | -laða |
2nd-person singular | -lar | -laðir |
3rd-person singular | -lar | -laði |
1st-person plural | -lum | -luðum |
2nd-person plural | -lið | -luðuð |
3rd-person plural | -la | -luðu |
subjunctive | present | past |
1st-person singular | -la | -laða |
2nd-person singular | -lir | -laðir |
3rd-person singular | -li | -laði |
1st-person plural | -lim | -laðim |
2nd-person plural | -lið | -laðið |
3rd-person plural | -li | -laði |
imperative | present | |
2nd-person singular | -la | |
1st-person plural | -lum | |
2nd-person plural | -lið |
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Germanic *-ilǭ (diminutive suffix).
Suffix edit
-la f (strong masculine -ill)
Declension edit
Etymology 3 edit
Suffix edit
-la
Pitjantjatjara edit
Pronoun edit
-la (first person plural nominative, bound form of nganaṉa)
- we (3 or more people)
Usage notes edit
Bound pronouns can be used instead of the regular "long form" pronouns. They act as clitics that attach to the last word of the first noun phrase in the sentence, or the conjunctions ka or munu if present.
Related terms edit
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|
First person | ngayulu (I) Bound form: -ṉa |
ngali (we two) Bound form: -li |
nganaṉa (we, more than two) Bound form: -la |
Second person | nyuntu (you) Bound form: -n |
nyupali (you two) | nyura (you, more than two) |
Third person | paluṟu (he/she/it) | pula (they two) | tjana (they, more than two) Bound form: -ya |
Preposition edit
-la
- at, on, in, near, with, etc. for proper nouns that end with a vowel. The equivalent of -ngka, and -ta.
- an ending that you use before -kutu and -nguru with proper nouns.
Usage notes edit
This preposition is added to the end of the proper noun. Sometimes a helper vowel can be added before -la to make it end with a vowel. -ta should be used instead if the word ends with n or l.
Suffix edit
-la
- Makes "la" class verbs into commands.
Usage notes edit
It is added to the end of the verb stem (of the last verb in the series if there is a series of verbs in the command). Sometimes the pronoun -ya can be added after -la, this makes the command addressed to a group of people. Here that pronoun means second person plural instead of third person.
Salar edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Adverb edit
-la
- with
- Men senla varğur.
- I will come with you.
Usage notes edit
- Lacks vowel harmony. Therefore, sometimes it is not accepted as a suffix.
References edit
Tsuut'ina edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-la
References edit
- "Tsuut'ina Linguistics (Video)." Youtube, uploaded by AlbertaUArts, 30 May. 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HICb45tGf-A
Turkish edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Ottoman Turkish ـله (-la, -le), from Proto-Turkic *-la.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-la
- with, shortened form of ile
- babamla okula gidiyorum
- I am going to school with my father
- babamla okula gidiyorum
- by, shortened form of ile
- okula kaykayla gidiyorum
- I am going to school by skateboard
- okula kaykayla gidiyorum
Usage notes edit
- If the word's last vowel is a front vowel (e, i, ö, ü), the ending becomes -le.
- annemle / trenle - with my mother / by train
- kuzenimle - with my cousin
- gözünle / troleybüsle - with your eye / by trolley bus
- If the word ends in a vowel, the ending becomes -yla, or after front vowel, -yle.
- arabayla - by car
- korkuyla - with fear
- gemiyle - by ship
- sevgiyle - with love
- If the ending is added to a proper noun, it must be used with an apostrophe.
- Unlike most Turkish suffixes, this suffix is always unstressed; the stress in the combined word remains where it was in the word before suffixing.
- When -yla is added to a word ending in the back vowel "ı", the latter is raised to the front vowel "i" in the pronunciation; for example, the word dolayısıyla ("consequently") is pronounced as if it were dolayısiyla, thus violating the usual vowel harmony. This change in pronunciation is not reflected in the orthography.
Etymology 2 edit
From Ottoman Turkish ـلا (-la).
Alternative forms edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-la
- A suffix creating verbs from nouns.
- parmak (“finger”) + -la → parmaklamak (“to poke”)
- sabah (“morning”) + -la → sabahlamak (“to stay awake till morning, spend a night”)
- ter (“sweat”) + -la → terlemek (“to sweat”)
- A suffix added to foreign verbs to create verb stems and allow for conjugation.
- favlamak ("to fave"), likelamak ("to like"), ghostlamak ("to ghost"), winlemek ("to win"), pushlamak ("to push"), burstlemek ("to burst"), etc.
Vilamovian edit
Suffix edit
-la
- Appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun.
Wutunhua edit
Alternative forms edit
- -ra (less common)
Etymology edit
Unknown (per Sandman).
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-la
- (after nouns) from; indicates the source of an action.
- aga dadada gguan-la lai-lio.
- Elder brother just came from the temple.
- gunse-la ha-lai-gu-ge-lio ze-li.
- S/he was dismissed from the company.
- (after verbs) if, when; indicates that the action of the verb is conditional, hypothetical, or set in the future.
- rolang sho-de je da nga-n-de mula ren se-gu-la diando rolang qhe-lai-li sho-de gu-li.
- As for this thing called ro-langs [type of Tibetan zombie], it is said that if a person among us dies, there will appear a ro-langs instead.
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN
- Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun[1], University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN