-la

See also: Appendix:Variations of "la"

Azerbaijani

Other scripts

Cyrillic		-ла
Abjad		-لا

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [lɑ]

Suffix

preceding vowel
A / I / O / U	E / Ə / İ / Ö / Ü
-la	-lə

-la

1. Form of -lə after the vowels A / I / O / U.

Derived terms

See -lə.

Basque

Etymology 1

Alternative forms

• -ela (in certain environments, see usage notes)

Conjunction

-la

1. that

   Erantzuna dakizula uste dut. ― I think that you know the answer.

2. while, as

   Menditik nenbilela istripu bat izan nuen. ― I had an accident while hiking on the mountains.

Usage notes

The form taken by this clitic depends on the ending of the verbal form to which it is attached.

• In verb forms ending with -ke, the result is -keela. Forms like naitekela are nonstandard but widespread.

  ‎naiteke (“I can”) + ‎-la → ‎naitekeela (“that I can”).

• In verb forms ending with -n (excluding second-person singular informal feminine forms, see below), the -n is removed.

  ‎nintzen (“I was”) + ‎-la → ‎nintzela (“that I was”).

• In verb forms ending with -t, the result is -dala.

  ‎dakit (“I know it”) + ‎-la → ‎dakidala (“that I know it”).

• In second-person singular informal forms, the endings in -k or -n become -ala and -nala respectively.

  ‎duk (“you (masculine) have it”) + ‎-la → ‎duala (“that you (masculine) have it”).

  ‎dun (“you (feminine) have it”) + ‎-la → ‎dunala (“that you (feminine) have it”).

• In verb forms ending in -u where the ending is not related to the -gu, -zu person markers, the result is -uela.

  ‎ditu (“he has them”) + ‎-la → ‎dituela (“that he has them”).

• In auxiliary forms ending in -a the ending becomes -ela.

  ‎dira (“they are”) + ‎-la → ‎direla (“that they are”).

• All other forms ending in a vowel take the suffix -la and those ending in -z the variant -ela.

  ‎naiz (“I am”) + ‎-la → ‎naizela (“that I am”).

  ‎zarete (“you are”) + ‎-la → ‎zaretela (“that you are”).

  ‎dakartza (“he carries them”) + ‎-la → ‎dakartzala (“that he carries them”).

Derived terms

• -lako (“because”)
• -larik (“while”)

 

Etymology 2

Unknown, perhaps related to the allative suffix -ra.

Suffix

-la

1. Used to form adverbs from interrogative and demonstrative pronouns/determiners.

   ‎nor (“who?”) + ‎-la → ‎nola (“how?”)

Derived terms

Basque terms suffixed with -la (adverbial)

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-la. Cognate with Finnish -la.

Suffix

-la (genitive -la, partitive -lat)

1. Forms nouns that signify a place.

   ‎haige (“sick”) + ‎-la → ‎haigla (“hospital”)

   ‎kana (“chicken”) + ‎-la → ‎kanala (“chicken coop”)

Inflection

Declension of -la (ÕS type 1/ohutu, no gradation)
		singular	plural
nominative		-la	-lad
accusative	nom.
	gen.	-la
genitive			-late
partitive		-lat	-laid
illative		-lasse	-latesse -laisse
inessive		-las	-lates -lais
elative		-last	-latest -laist
allative		-lale	-latele -laile
adessive		-lal	-latel -lail
ablative		-lalt	-latelt -lailt
translative		-laks	-lateks -laiks
terminative		-lani	-lateni
essive		-lana	-latena
abessive		-lata	-lateta
comitative		-laga	-latega

Derived terms

Estonian terms suffixed with -la

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-la, from Proto-Finno-Ugric [Term?]. Cognate with Estonian -la.

Suffix

-la (front vowel harmony variant -lä, linguistic notation -lA)

2. Forms nouns that signify a place, such as an abode, a house, a land of, etc. Often denotes a farm in many place names.

   ‎Kaleva + ‎-la → ‎Kalevala (“the land of Kaleva”)

   ‎kana (“hen”) + ‎-la → ‎kanala (“henhouse”)

   ‎ravinto (“nourishment”) + ‎-la → ‎ravintola (“restaurant”)

   ‎Jussi + ‎-la → ‎Jussila (“the farm of Jussi”)

4. Forms some nouns or adjectives, originally with a diminutive meaning.

Usage notes

• About 12% of Finns have a surname ending in -la/-lä, transferred from names of farms and small villages (oikonyms, talonnimi).

Declension

Inflection of -la (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)
nominative		-la	-lat
genitive		-lan	-loiden -loitten
partitive		-laa	-loita
illative		-laan	-loihin
		singular	plural
nominative		-la	-lat
accusative	nom.	-la	-lat
	gen.	-lan
genitive		-lan	-loiden -loitten -lain rare
partitive		-laa	-loita
inessive		-lassa	-loissa
elative		-lasta	-loista
illative		-laan	-loihin
adessive		-lalla	-loilla
ablative		-lalta	-loilta
allative		-lalle	-loille
essive		-lana	-loina
translative		-laksi	-loiksi
abessive		-latta	-loitta
instructive		—	-loin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of -la (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -lani -lani accusative nom. -lani -lani gen. -lani genitive -lani -loideni -loitteni -laini rare partitive -laani -loitani inessive -lassani -loissani elative -lastani -loistani illative -laani -loihini adessive -lallani -loillani ablative -laltani -loiltani allative -lalleni -loilleni essive -lanani -loinani translative -lakseni -loikseni abessive -lattani -loittani instructive — — comitative — -loineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative -lasi -lasi accusative nom. -lasi -lasi gen. -lasi genitive -lasi -loidesi -loittesi -laisi rare partitive -laasi -loitasi inessive -lassasi -loissasi elative -lastasi -loistasi illative -laasi -loihisi adessive -lallasi -loillasi ablative -laltasi -loiltasi allative -lallesi -loillesi essive -lanasi -loinasi translative -laksesi -loiksesi abessive -lattasi -loittasi instructive — — comitative — -loinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -lamme -lamme accusative nom. -lamme -lamme gen. -lamme genitive -lamme -loidemme -loittemme -laimme rare partitive -laamme -loitamme inessive -lassamme -loissamme elative -lastamme -loistamme illative -laamme -loihimme adessive -lallamme -loillamme ablative -laltamme -loiltamme allative -lallemme -loillemme essive -lanamme -loinamme translative -laksemme -loiksemme abessive -lattamme -loittamme instructive — — comitative — -loinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative -lanne -lanne accusative nom. -lanne -lanne gen. -lanne genitive -lanne -loidenne -loittenne -lainne rare partitive -laanne -loitanne inessive -lassanne -loissanne elative -lastanne -loistanne illative -laanne -loihinne adessive -lallanne -loillanne ablative -laltanne -loiltanne allative -lallenne -loillenne essive -lananne -loinanne translative -laksenne -loiksenne abessive -lattanne -loittanne instructive — — comitative — -loinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative -lansa -lansa accusative nom. -lansa -lansa gen. -lansa genitive -lansa -loidensa -loittensa -lainsa rare partitive -laansa -loitaan -loitansa inessive -lassaan -lassansa -loissaan -loissansa elative -lastaan -lastansa -loistaan -loistansa illative -laansa -loihinsa adessive -lallaan -lallansa -loillaan -loillansa ablative -laltaan -laltansa -loiltaan -loiltansa allative -lalleen -lallensa -loilleen -loillensa essive -lanaan -lanansa -loinaan -loinansa translative -lakseen -laksensa -loikseen -loiksensa abessive -lattaan -lattansa -loittaan -loittansa instructive — — comitative — -loineen -loinensa

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -la (toponym)

Finnish terms suffixed with -la (diminutive)

• -lainen

 

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-la. Cognates include Finnish -la and Estonian -la.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-lɑ/, [-ɫɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-lɑ/, [-ɫɑ]

Suffix

-la (front vowel variant -lä)

1. Used to form place names.

   ‎(name) Soikko + ‎-la → ‎Soikkola

2. Used to form nouns signifying a place.

   ‎seppo (“smith”) + ‎-la → ‎seppola (“house of a smith”)

Declension

Declension of -la (type 3/kana, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	-la	-lat
genitive	-lan	-loin
partitive	-laa	-loja
illative	-laa	-loihe
inessive	-laas	-lois
elative	-last	-loist
allative	-lalle	-loille
adessive	-laal	-loil
ablative	-lalt	-loilt
translative	-laks	-loiks
essive	-lanna, -laan	-loinna, -loin
exessive1)	-lant	-loint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -la

References

• A. V. Krjukov (2018) “К этимологии топонима Сойкино/Soikkola”, in Притяжение Севера: язык, литература, социум. Ч. 1: материалы I Международной научно-практической конференции, pages 531-542

Italian

Pronoun

-la

1. (enclitic) Alternative form of la

   dare (“to give”) → darla (“to give her”)

   vendere (“to sell”) → venderla (“to sell her”)

   servire (“to serve”) → servirla (“to serve her”)

Usage notes

• Appended to present active infinitive verb forms to derive accusative forms when the object is third singular feminine person. The final -e of the original infinitive is removed :

-are → -arla

-ere → -erla

-ire → -irla

Where the verb ends in -rre, the final re is removed, leaving behind just an -r:

introdurre (“to introduce”) → introdurla (“to introduce her”)

In any case, after the suffixation, there is only a single r and no vowels immediately before -la.

Anagrams

• al

Khalaj

Suffix

preceding vowel
A / I / O / U	E / Ə / İ / Ö / Ü
-la	-lə

-la

1. Form of -lə after the vowels A / I / O / U.

Latin

Suffix

-la

1. inflection of -lus:
   1. nominative/vocative feminine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

Suffix

-lā

1. ablative feminine singular of -lus

Old English

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lɑ/

Suffix

-la

1. imperative singular of -lian

Old Norse

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *-lōną.

Suffix

-la

1. frequentative verbal suffix

Conjugation

Conjugation of -la — active (weak class 2)

infinitive	-la
present participle	-landi
past participle	-laðr
indicative	present	past
1st-person singular	-la	-laða
2nd-person singular	-lar	-laðir
3rd-person singular	-lar	-laði
1st-person plural	-lum	-luðum
2nd-person plural	-lið	-luðuð
3rd-person plural	-la	-luðu
subjunctive	present	past
1st-person singular	-la	-laða
2nd-person singular	-lir	-laðir
3rd-person singular	-li	-laði
1st-person plural	-lim	-laðim
2nd-person plural	-lið	-laðið
3rd-person plural	-li	-laði
imperative	present
2nd-person singular	-la
1st-person plural	-lum
2nd-person plural	-lið

Derived terms

Old Norse terms suffixed with -la

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *-ilǭ (diminutive suffix).

Suffix

-la f (strong masculine -ill)

1. forms diminutive nouns

   ‎mey + ‎-la → ‎meyla

Declension

  Declension of -la (weak ōn-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-la	-lan	-lur	-lurnar
accusative	-lu	-luna	-lur	-lurnar
dative	-lu	-lunni	-lum	-lunum
genitive	-lu	-lunnar	-lna	-lnanna

Etymology 3

Suffix

-la

1. inflection of -ill (agent noun):
   1. indefinite accusative plural
   2. indefinite genitive plural
2. inflection of -ill (diminutive noun):
   1. indefinite accusative plural
   2. indefinite genitive plural
3. inflection of -ull (diminutive noun):
   1. indefinite accusative plural
   2. indefinite genitive plural
4. inflection of -ull (deverbative adjective):
   1. positive degree strong feminine accusative singular
   2. positive degree strong feminine accusative masculine
   3. positive degree weak masculine oblique singular
   4. positive degree weak feminine nominative singular
   5. positive degree weak neuter singular

Pitjantjatjara

Pronoun

-la (first person plural nominative, bound form of nganaṉa)

1. we (3 or more people)

Usage notes

Bound pronouns can be used instead of the regular "long form" pronouns. They act as clitics that attach to the last word of the first noun phrase in the sentence, or the conjunctions ka or munu if present.

Related terms

Pitjantjatjara personal pronouns (nominative case)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
First person	ngayulu (I) Bound form: -ṉa	ngali (we two) Bound form: -li	nganaṉa (we, more than two) Bound form: -la
Second person	nyuntu (you) Bound form: -n	nyupali (you two)	nyura (you, more than two)
Third person	paluṟu (he/she/it)	pula (they two)	tjana (they, more than two) Bound form: -ya

Preposition

-la

1. at, on, in, near, with, etc. for proper nouns that end with a vowel. The equivalent of -ngka, and -ta.
2. an ending that you use before -kutu and -nguru with proper nouns.

Usage notes

This preposition is added to the end of the proper noun. Sometimes a helper vowel can be added before -la to make it end with a vowel. -ta should be used instead if the word ends with n or l.

Suffix

-la

1. Makes "la" class verbs into commands.

Usage notes

It is added to the end of the verb stem (of the last verb in the series if there is a series of verbs in the command). Sometimes the pronoun -ya can be added after -la, this makes the command addressed to a group of people. Here that pronoun means second person plural instead of third person.

Salar

Alternative forms

• la

Etymology

Cognate to Turkish -le.

Adverb

-la

1. with

   Men senla varğur.

   I will come with you.

Usage notes

1. Lacks vowel harmony. Therefore, sometimes it is not accepted as a suffix.

References

• 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985) “la”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎^[1], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, page 85

Tsuut'ina

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /la/

Suffix

-la

1. marks the end of a sentence, (it was)

   nuwa diya-la

   He walked over there.

References

• "Tsuut'ina Linguistics (Video)." Youtube, uploaded by AlbertaUArts, 30 May. 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HICb45tGf-A

Turkish

Etymology 1

From Ottoman Turkish ـله (-la, -le), from Proto-Turkic *-la.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɫɑ/

Suffix

-la

1. with, shortened form of ile

   babamla okula gidiyorum

   I am going to school with my father

2. by, shortened form of ile

   okula kaykayla gidiyorum

   I am going to school by skateboard

Usage notes

• If the word's last vowel is a front vowel (e, i, ö, ü), the ending becomes -le.

  annemle / trenle - with my mother / by train

  kuzenimle - with my cousin

  gözünle / troleybüsle - with your eye / by trolley bus

• If the word ends in a vowel, the ending becomes -yla, or after front vowel, -yle.

  arabayla - by car

  korkuyla - with fear

  gemiyle - by ship

  sevgiyle - with love

• If the ending is added to a proper noun, it must be used with an apostrophe.

  Barış'la - with Barış.

  Buğra'yla - with Buğra.

• Unlike most Turkish suffixes, this suffix is always unstressed; the stress in the combined word remains where it was in the word before suffixing.
• When -yla is added to a word ending in the back vowel "ı", the latter is raised to the front vowel "i" in the pronunciation; for example, the word dolayısıyla ("consequently") is pronounced as if it were dolayısiyla, thus violating the usual vowel harmony. This change in pronunciation is not reflected in the orthography.

Etymology 2

Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ـلا (-la).

Alternative forms

• -le

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɫɑ/

Suffix

-la

1. A suffix creating verbs from nouns.

   ‎parmak (“finger”) + ‎-la → ‎parmaklamak (“to poke”)

   ‎sabah (“morning”) + ‎-la → ‎sabahlamak (“to stay awake till morning, spend a night”)

   ‎ter (“sweat”) + ‎-la → ‎terlemek (“to sweat”)

2. A suffix added to foreign verbs to create verb stems and allow for conjugation.

   favlamak ("to fave"), likelamak ("to like"), ghostlamak ("to ghost"), winlemek ("to win"), pushlamak ("to push"), burstlemek ("to burst"), etc.

Vilamovian

Suffix

-la

1. Appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun.

Wutunhua

Alternative forms

• -ra (less common)

Etymology

Unknown (per Sandman).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [lɑ~ɻɑ]

Suffix

-la

1. (after nouns) from; indicates the source of an action.

   aga dadada gguan-la lai-lio.

   Elder brother just came from the temple.

   (Quoted in Janhunen et al., p. 60)

   gunse-la ha-lai-gu-ge-lio ze-li.

   S/he was dismissed from the company.

   (Quoted in Janhunen et al., p. 60)

2. (after verbs) if, when; indicates that the action of the verb is conditional, hypothetical, or set in the future.

   rolang sho-de je da nga-n-de mula ren se-gu-la diando rolang qhe-lai-li sho-de gu-li.

   As for this thing called ro-langs [type of Tibetan zombie], it is said that if a person among us dies, there will appear a ro-langs instead.

   (Quoted in Janhunen et al., p. 114)

Derived terms

• -kanla

 

References

• Juha Janhunen, Marja Peltomaa, Erika Sandman, Xiawu Dongzhou (2008) Wutun (LINCOM's Descriptive Grammar Series), volume 466, LINCOM Europa, →ISBN
• Erika Sandman (2016) A Grammar of Wutun‎^[2], University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN