冬

See also: 鼕
冬 U+51AC, 冬
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51AC
← 冫
[U+51AB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 冭 →
[U+51AD]
冬 U+2F81A, 冬
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F81A
← 仌
[U+2F819] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 况 →
[U+2F81B]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

冬 (radical 15, 冫+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹水卜 (HEY), four-corner 27303, composition ⿱夂⺀ (GTJV) or ⿱夂冫 (K))

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 131, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1610
  • Dae Jaweon: page 294, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 867, character 19
  • Unihan data for U+51AC

ChineseEdit

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 冬
Shang Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
             
Characters in the same phonetic series (冬) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
疼 *dɯːŋ, *duːŋ
冬 *tuːŋ
苳 *tuːŋ
笗 *tuːŋ
炵 *tʰuːŋ, *duːŋ
佟 *duːŋ
鼕 *duːŋ
鉖 *duːŋ
終 *tjuŋ
螽 *tjuŋ
鼨 *tjuŋ
柊 *tjuŋ
鴤 *tjuŋ
泈 *tjuŋ
蔠 *tjuŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *tuːŋ): phonetic 夂 (“end”) + semantic 仌 (“ice”).

Etymology 1Edit

simp. and trad.
 冬

Wang (1982) relates it to 終 (OC *tjuŋ, “to end”).

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • tang - colloquial;
  • tong - literary.
Note:
  • dang1 - colloquial;
  • dong1 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 冬
    Mandarin Beijing /tuŋ⁵⁵/
    Harbin /tuŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /tuŋ²¹/
    Jinan /tuŋ²¹³/
    Qingdao /təŋ²¹³/
    Zhengzhou /tuŋ²⁴/
    Xi'an /tuŋ²¹/
    Xining /tuə̃⁴⁴/
    Yinchuan /tuŋ⁴⁴/
    Lanzhou /tũn³¹/
    Ürümqi /tuŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /toŋ⁵⁵/
    Chengdu /toŋ⁵⁵/
    Guiyang /toŋ⁵⁵/
    Kunming /toŋ⁴⁴/
    Nanjing /toŋ³¹/
    Hefei /təŋ²¹/
    Jin Taiyuan /tuəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /tuŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /tũŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /toŋ⁵³/
    Suzhou /toŋ⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /toŋ³³/
    Wenzhou /toŋ³³/
    Hui Shexian /tʌ̃³¹/
    Tunxi /tan¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /toŋ³³/
    Xiangtan /tən³³/
    Gan Nanchang /tuŋ⁴²/
    Hakka Meixian /tuŋ⁴⁴/
    Taoyuan /tuŋ²⁴/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /toŋ⁵³/
    Nanning /tuŋ⁵⁵/
    Hong Kong /tuŋ⁵⁵/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /tɔŋ⁵⁵/
    /taŋ⁵⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /tøyŋ⁴⁴/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /tɔŋ⁵⁴/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /toŋ³³/
    /taŋ³³/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /ʔdoŋ²³/
    /ʔdaŋ²³/
    Rime
    Character 冬
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 端 (5)
    Final (韻) 冬 (5)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 都宗切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/tuoŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/tuoŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/toŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/tawŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/toŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/tuoŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/tuoŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		dōng
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 冬
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		dōng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ towng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tˁuŋ/
    English winter

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 冬
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 2419
    Phonetic
    component         		冬
    Rime
    group         		終
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		冬
    Old
    Chinese         		/*tuːŋ/

    DefinitionsEdit

    冬

    1. winter
    2. (Cantonese) winter solstice
      做冬 [Cantonese]  ―  zou6 dung1 [Jyutping]  ―  to celebrate the winter solstice with a dinner
      冬大過年 / 冬大过年 [Cantonese]  ―  dung1 daai6 gwo3 nin4 [Jyutping]  ―  the winter solstice is more important than Chinese New Year
    3. (Min Nan) year
    4. (telegraphy) the second day of a month
    5. Alternative form of 咚 (dōng, “bang; thud”).
    6. A surname​.
    SynonymsEdit
    Dialectal synonyms of 冬天 (“winter”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 冬, 冬日
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冬天, 冬季, 冬日
    Mandarin Beijing 冬天
    Taiwan 冬天
    Tianjin 冬底下
    Harbin 冬天
    Muping 冬天, 冬季天兒
    Jinan 冬天
    Luoyang 冬天
    Wanrong 冬間
    Xi'an 冬裡
    Dingbian 冬天, 冬裡
    Yinchuan 冬天
    Lanzhou 冬天, 冬月天
    Xining 冬天
    Ürümqi 冬天
    Dabancheng (Xigou) 冬天
    Midong (Changshanzi) 冬天
    Wuhan 冬季, 冬天, 冷天, 冷季
    Chengdu 冬天, 冬天家
    Guiyang 冬天
    Guilin 冬天
    Pingle 寒天, 寒冷天, 冬月天
    Liuzhou 冬天, 冷天
    Wuming 冬天, 冷天, 北風天
    Yizhou 冬天, 冷天
    Luocheng (Dongmen) 冬天, 冷天
    Tianlin (Langping) 冬天
    Xuzhou 冷天, 冬天
    Yangzhou 冷天, 冬寒天
    Nanjing 冷天, 冬天
    Singapore 冬天
    Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 冬天
    Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 冬天
    Mae Salong (Lancang) 冷天
    Cantonese Guangzhou 冬天, 冷天
    Hong Kong 冬天
    Taishan 冷天
    Taishan (Guanghai) 冬天
    Kaiping (Chikan) 冷天
    Dongguan 冬天
    Nanning 冷天
    Wuzhou 冷天
    Yulin 天冷天
    Guiping (Jiangkou) 冷天, 冬天
    Guiping (Madong) 冬天, 北風天
    Baise 冷天
    Mandalay (Taishan) 冬天
    Gan Nanchang 冬天
    Lichuan 冷天
    Pingxiang 冷天, 冬下裡
    Pengze 冬下天
    Hakka Meixian 冬天, 冬下, 冬下頭, 寒天, 冷天
    Wuhua (Shuizhai) 冷天
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 冷天
    Wuhua (Changbu) 冬下晨
    Wuhua (Mianyang) 冷天
    Liancheng (Peitian) 冬下
    Yudu 冬下
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 寒天, 冷天, 冬下頭, 冬下時
    Dongshi (Dabu) 寒天, 冬下頭
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 寒天, 冬下頭, 冬下時
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 寒天, 冬天
    Bobai (Shahe) 冬天
    Bobai (Longtan) 冬天
    Bobai (Lingping) 冷天
    Beiliu (Gonghe) 冬天
    Xingye (Gaofeng) 冬下天
    Lingui (Xiaojiang) 冬天
    Pingle (Tong'an) 冬天
    Yangshuo (Jinbao) 冬天, 冬下
    Sabah (Longchuan) 冬天, 冬季
    Pontianak (Meixian) 冷天
    Huizhou Jixi 下冬, 冬場子, 冬場下
    Jin Taiyuan 冬天
    Yunzhou (Xicetian) 冬天, 冬哩
    Xinzhou 冬天, 冬金天, 冬兒
    Min Bei Jian'ou 冬天
    Min Dong Fuzhou 凊天, 冬天
    Changle 凊天
    Fuqing 凊天, 冬天
    Yongtai 凊天
    Gutian 寒天
    Fu'an 寒天
    Ningde 寒天
    Shouning 寒天
    Zhouning 寒天
    Fuding 寒天
    Matsu 冬天
    Min Nan Xiamen 冬天, 寒天, 寒冬, 寒儂
    Quanzhou 冬天, 寒天, 寒儂
    Yongchun 寒天, 冬天
    Zhangzhou 冬天, 寒天, 寒冬
    Zhao'an 寒天, 冬天
    Dongshan 寒天, 冬天
    Taipei 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
    Kaohsiung 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
    Tainan 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
    Taichung 冬天, 寒天
    Hsinchu 冬天, 寒天儂
    Lukang 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
    Sanxia 冬仔, 寒天
    Yilan 冬天, 寒儂, 寒天
    Kinmen 冬天, 寒天
    Magong 冬天, 寒天
    Penang (Hokkien) 冬天
    Singapore (Hokkien) 寒天
    Zhangping (Yongfu) 寒天, 在冬
    Guilin (Biyange) 冬天
    Pingle (Zhoutang) 寒天, 冷天, 冬月天
    Shantou 冬天時, 凝天時
    Chenghai 凝天時, 凊天時, 凊天
    Jieyang 冬天時, 凝天時, 寒天時
    Haifeng 凝天時, 凊天時, 冬天時
    Leizhou 冬天
    Haikou 冬季
    Qionghai 寒天
    Puxian Min Putian 寒天, 冬天
    Min Zhong Yong'an 冬天
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冬季
    Northern Pinghua Lingui (Wutong) 冬天, 冷天
    Lingui (Liutang) 冬天
    Lingchuan (Sanjie) 冷天, 冬天
    Lingchuan (Shuangzhou) 冬天
    Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 冬天
    Wu Shanghai 冬天, 冷天, 冬場裡, 寒場裡
    Chongming 寒天, 寒場裡, 寒裡
    Suzhou 冬天, 冷天, 寒天
    Hangzhou 冬天
    Danyang 冬天, 冬天頭, 冬季
    Ningbo 冬天價, 冬天
    Wenzhou 天色冷, 十二月
    Jinhua 冬天
    Jinhua (Tangxi) 冬裡
    Xiang Changsha 冬天, 冷天
    Loudi 冬天
    Quanzhou 冬天
    Dialectal synonyms of 冬至 (“winter solstice”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Classical Chinese 冬至, 南至
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冬至
    Mandarin Beijing 冬至
    Taiwan 冬至
    Tianjin 冬至
    Tangshan 冬至
    Cangzhou 冬至
    Baoding 冬至
    Shijiazhuang 冬至
    Chifeng 冬至
    Hailar 冬至
    Harbin 冬至
    Shenyang 冬至
    Muping 冬, 過冬
    Qingdao 冬至, 過冬
    Jinan 冬至
    Luoyang 冬至
    Wanrong 冬至
    Zhengzhou 冬至
    Xi'an 冬至
    Yinchuan 冬至
    Lanzhou 冬至
    Xining 冬至
    Ürümqi 冬至
    Wuhan 冬至
    Chengdu 冬至
    Chongqing 冬至
    Guiyang 冬至
    Kunming 冬至
    Guilin 冬至
    Liuzhou 冬至
    Xuzhou 冬至, 長至 dated
    Yangzhou 冬至
    Nanjing 冬至
    Hefei 冬至
    Nantong 冬至, 大冬
    Singapore 冬至
    Cantonese Guangzhou 冬節, 冬
    Hong Kong 冬至, 冬, 冬節
    Dongguan 冬至
    Gan Nanchang 冬至
    Lichuan 冬至
    Pingxiang 冬至
    Hakka Meixian 冬至
    Yudu 冬至
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冬節, 冬至
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 冬節, 冬至
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 冬節
    Dongshi (Dabu) 冬節, 冬至
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 冬節
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 冬節
    Huizhou Jixi 冬至
    Shexian 冬至
    Jin Taiyuan 冬至, 過冬
    Xinzhou 冬至
    Linhe 冬至
    Jining 冬至
    Hohhot 冬至
    Zhangjiakou 冬至
    Handan 冬至
    Min Bei Jian'ou 冬節
    Min Dong Fuzhou 冬至, 冬節
    Fuqing 冬至
    Min Nan Xiamen 冬節
    Xiamen (Tong'an) 冬節
    Quanzhou 冬節, 小年兜
    Jinjiang 冬節
    Zhangzhou 冬節
    Longhai 冬節
    Zhao'an 冬節
    Tainan 冬節
    Penang (Hokkien) 冬節
    Chenghai 冬節
    Jieyang 冬節
    Haifeng 冬節
    Haikou 冬至, 冬節
    Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 冬至
    Wu Shanghai 冬至
    Chongming 冬至
    Suzhou 冬至
    Danyang 冬至
    Hangzhou 冬至
    Ningbo 冬至
    Wenzhou 冬節
    Jinhua 冬至
    Xiang Changsha 冬至
    Loudi 冬至
    See alsoEdit
    Seasons in Chinese · 四季 (sìjì, “four seasons”) (layout · text)
    春 (chūn, “spring”) 夏 (xià, “summer”) 秋 (qiū, “fall; autumn”) 冬 (dōng, “winter”)

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 冬

    Etymology 2Edit

    For pronunciation and definitions of 冬 – see 咚 (“ratatat; etc.”).
    (This character, 冬, is the simplified form of 鼕, which is in turn a variant form of 咚.)
    Notes:

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    冬

    (grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    ReadingsEdit

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    PronunciationEdit

     
    Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia ja
    Kanji in this term
    冬
    ふゆ
    Grade: 2
    kun’yomi

    NounEdit

    冬(ふゆ) • (fuyu) 

    1. winter (season)
      冬(ふゆ)の狂(きょう)風(ふう)
      Fuyu no Kyōfū
      The Winds of Winter

    SynonymsEdit

    See alsoEdit

    Seasons in Japanese · 四(し)季(き) (shiki, “four seasons”) (layout · text)
    春(はる) (haru, “spring”),
    春季(しゅんき) (shunki, “spring”).
    春期(しゅんき) (shunki, “spring period”)     		夏(なつ) (natsu, “summer”),
    夏季(かき) (kaki, “summer”),
    夏期(かき) (kaki, “summer period”)     		秋(あき) (aki, “fall; autumn”),
    秋季(しゅうき) (shūki, “fall; autumn”),
    秋期(しゅうき) (shūki, “fall period”)     		冬(ふゆ) (fuyu, “winter”),
    冬季(とうき) (tōki, “winter”),
    冬期(とうき) (tōki, “winter period”)

    KoreanEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    From Middle Chinese 冬 (MC tuoŋ). Recorded as Middle Korean 도ᇰ (Yale: twong) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    HanjaEdit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    冬 (eumhun 겨울 동 (gyeoul dong))

    1. Hanja form? of 동 (“winter”).

    CompoundsEdit

    Compounds

    ReferencesEdit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    冬: Hán Nôm readings: đông[1]

    1. Hán tự form of đông (“winter”).

    Derived termsEdit

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ^ Trần (1999).
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