堤

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

堤 (radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土日一人 (GAMO), four-corner 4618₁, composition ⿰土是)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 233, character 20
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5259
Dae Jaweon: page 470, character 36
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 463, character 1
Unihan data for U+5824

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		堤
alternative forms		隄

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (是) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
鞮	*teː
隄	teː, deː
堤	teː, teːʔ, *dje
鍉	*teː
蝭	teːs, deː
醍	tʰeːʔ, deː
緹	tʰeːʔ, deː
提	deː, dje
瑅	*deː
題	deː, deːs
媞	deː, deːʔ, *djeʔ
褆	deː, deʔ, *djeʔ
禔	deː, tje, *dje
騠	*deː
趧	*deː
鯷	deː, deːs, *djes
踶	deːs, deʔ
徥	deʔ, djeʔ
匙	*dje
是	*djeʔ
諟	*djeʔ
翨	hljes, kles
睼	*tʰeːns
寔	*djɯɡ
湜	*dɯɡ
遈	*djɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *teː, *teːʔ, *dje): semantic 土 (“soil”) + phonetic 是 (OC *djeʔ).

Pronunciation 1Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dī, tí

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄧ, ㄊㄧˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): tai⁴
Min Nan (POJ): thê

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)⁺
  - Pinyin: dī
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄧ
  - Wade–Giles: ti¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: di
  - Tongyong Pinyin: di
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan; variant in Mainland)⁺
  - Pinyin: tí
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˊ
  - Wade–Giles: tʻi²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tyi
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: tai⁴
  - Yale: tàih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tai⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: tei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɐi̯²¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thê
  - Tâi-lô: thê
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tee
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰe²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰe²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰe¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰe²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰe²³/

Middle Chinese: /tei/

Rime
Character	堤
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	都奚切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tei/
Pan Wuyun	/tei/
Shao Rongfen	/tɛi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tɛj/
Li Rong	/tei/
Wang Li	/tiei/
Bernard Karlgren	/tiei/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dai¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*teː/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堤
Reading #	1/3
No.	11614
Phonetic component	是
Rime group	支
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	低
Old Chinese	/*teː/

DefinitionsEdit

堤

dyke; embankment
^† base of bottles

Usage notesEdit

Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian (《现代汉语规范词典》) proscribes the use of the pronunciation tí.

CompoundsEdit

上河堤 (Shànghédī)
下河堤 (Xiàhédī)
中河堤 (Zhōnghédī)
土堤
圩堤
埂堤
堤堰
堤壩／堤坝 (dībà)
堤封 (shífēng)
堤岸 (dī'àn)
堤防 (dīfáng)

斗湖堤 (Dǒuhúdī)
新堤 (Xīndī)
新堤口 (Xīndīkǒu)
梓楠堤 (Zǐnándī)
橫堤／横堤 (Héngdī)
汴堤
決堤／决堤 (juédī)
河堤 (hédī)
海堤 (hǎidī)
白公堤

Pronunciation 2Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): tǐ (ti³)

(Zhuyin): ㄊㄧˇ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: tǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˇ
  - Wade–Giles: tʻi³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tii
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tǐ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi²¹⁴/

Middle Chinese: /tei^X/

Rime
Character	堤
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	都禮切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tei^X/
Pan Wuyun	/tei^X/
Shao Rongfen	/tɛi^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tɛj^X/
Li Rong	/tei^X/
Wang Li	/tiei^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/tiei^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dai²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*teːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堤
Reading #	2/3
No.	11616
Phonetic component	是
Rime group	支
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	邸
Old Chinese	/*teːʔ/
Notes	與坻通

DefinitionsEdit

堤

^† Alternative form of 坁 (zhǐ, “to stop”).

Pronunciation 3Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shí, tí (shi², ti²)

(Zhuyin): ㄕˊ, ㄊㄧˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Pinyin: shí
  - Zhuyin: ㄕˊ
  - Wade–Giles: shih²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shy
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shíh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Pinyin: tí
  - Zhuyin: ㄊㄧˊ
  - Wade–Giles: tʻi²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tyi
  - Tongyong Pinyin: tí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi³⁵/

Middle Chinese: /d͡ʑiᴇ/

Rime
Character	堤
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	支 (11)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	是支切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇ/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛ/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑjɛ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑiə̆/
Li Rong	/ʑie/
Wang Li	/ʑǐe/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑie̯/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	chí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	si⁴

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*dje/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堤
Reading #	3/3
No.	11643
Phonetic component	是
Rime group	支
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	提
Old Chinese	/*dje/

DefinitionsEdit

堤

^† Only used in 堤封 (shífēng, “in total; approximately”).

Pronunciation 4Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): wéi (wei²)

(Zhuyin): ㄨㄟˊ

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: wéi
  - Zhuyin: ㄨㄟˊ
  - Wade–Giles: wei²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wei
  - Tongyong Pinyin: wéi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /weɪ̯³⁵/

DefinitionsEdit

堤

^‡ Used in place names.

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

See also:

Category:Japanese terms spelled with 堤

堤

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: たい (tai)
Kan-on: てい (tei, Jōyō)
Kun: つつみ (tsutsumi, 堤, Jōyō)

NounEdit

堤(つつみ) • (tsutsumi)

dike

Proper nounEdit

堤(つつみ) • (Tsutsumi)

A surname.

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 堤 (MC tei). Recorded as Middle Korean 뎨 (Yale: tyey) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

堤

堤 (eumhun 둑 제 (duk je))

Hanja form^? of 제 (“dyke; embankment”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

제방 (堤防, jebang)
언제 (堰堤, eonje)
김제 (金堤, Gimje)
제천 (堤川, Jecheon)
방조제 (防潮堤, bangjoje)
방파제 (防波堤, bangpaje)

ReferencesEdit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

堤: Hán Nôm readings: chỉ, đê

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