Translingual
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Alternative forms
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In Traditional Chinese, the component on the left of U+79AE
is 礻. In Korean hanja and Japanese kyūjitai, the component on the left of U+79AE
is 示 rather than 礻, which is also the historical form that appears in the Kangxi dictionary. A CJK compatibility ideograph exists at U+F9B6
to reflect the form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
Han character
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禮 (Kangxi radical 113, 示+13, 18 strokes, cangjie input 戈火廿田廿 (IFTWT), four-corner 35218, composition ⿰礻豊(GHTV) or ⿰示豊(JK or U+F9B6))
Derived characters
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Related characters
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References
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- Kangxi Dictionary: page 847, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24844
- Dae Jaweon: page 1268, character 9
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2409, character 14
- Unihan data for U+79AE
Glyph origin
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Old Chinese
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體
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*r̥ʰiːʔ
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軆
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*r̥ʰiːʔ
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禮
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*riːʔ
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澧
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*riːʔ
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醴
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*riːʔ
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豊
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*riːʔ
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鱧
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*riːʔ
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *riːʔ) and ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : semantic 礻 (“altar”) + phonetic 豊 (OC *riːʔ, “ceremony”) – performing rites at the altar.
Originally written 豊, see there for more.
Etymology
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Uncertain. Schuessler (2007) proposes that this is an old areal etymon. Compare Tibetan ཞེ་ས (zhe sa, “respect, honor, deference”), རྗེ་བོ (rje bo, “lord, nobleman”), རྗེད (rjed, “to honor; reverence”); Mru [script needed] (ri, “ritual”) is possibly borrowed from Austroasiatic (cf. Mon [script needed] (rèh seh, “to respect, to revere”); Thin Khmu [script needed] (rɛh, “to lift up”); both from Proto-Mon-Khmer *reh (“to raise up, to exalt”)).
Pronunciation
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Note:
- lài - vernacular;
- lǐ - literary.
Note:
- loi2 - vernacular;
- li2 - literary.
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
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Character
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禮
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Reading #
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1/1
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Modern Beijing (Pinyin)
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lǐ
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Middle Chinese
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‹ lejX ›
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Old Chinese
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/*[r]ˁijʔ/
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English
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propriety, ceremony
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Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:
* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;
* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
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Zhengzhang system (2003)
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Character
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禮
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Reading #
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1/1
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No.
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7839
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Phonetic component
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豊
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Rime group
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脂
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Rime subdivision
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2
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Corresponding MC rime
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禮
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Old Chinese
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/*riːʔ/
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Definitions
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禮
- ritual; rite; ceremony
- 婚禮/婚礼 ― hūnlǐ ― wedding
- 喪禮/丧礼 ― sānglǐ ― funeral
我孔熯矣、式禮莫愆。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
我孔熯矣、式礼莫愆。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Wǒ kǒng shàn yǐ, shì lǐ mò qiān. [Pinyin]
- We are very much exhausted, and have performed every ceremony without error.
卒廷見相如,畢禮而歸之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
卒廷见相如,毕礼而归之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Zú tíng jiàn Xiāngrú, bì lǐ ér guī zhī. [Pinyin]
- In the end, (King Zhaoxiang of Qin) granted (Lin) Xiangru an audience at his court, completed the ceremonies, and sent him back.
- rules of etiquette; rules of propriety
夫子循循然善誘人,博我以文,約我以禮。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
夫子循循然善诱人,博我以文,约我以礼。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Fūzǐ xúnxún rán shànyòu rén, bó wǒ yǐ wén, yuē wǒ yǐ lǐ. [Pinyin]
- The Master, by orderly method, skillfully leads men on. He enlarged my mind with learning, and taught me the restraints of propriety.
夫禮者,所以定親疏,決嫌疑,別同異,明是非也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
夫礼者,所以定亲疏,决嫌疑,别同异,明是非也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Fú lǐ zhě, suǒyǐ dìng qīnshū, jué xiányí, bié tóngyì, míng shìfēi yě. [Pinyin]
- They are the rules of propriety, that furnish the means of determining (the observances towards) relatives, as near and remote; of settling points which may cause suspicion or doubt; of distinguishing where there should be agreement, and where difference; and of making clear what is right and what is wrong.
- courtesy; etiquette; manners
- 敬禮/敬礼 ― jìnglǐ ― to salute
- 禮多人不怪/礼多人不怪 ― lǐduōrénbùguài ― nobody will find fault with extra courtesy
- present; gift (Classifier: 份 m c)
- 禮物/礼物 ― lǐwù ― gift
- to treat with respect and courtesy
- 敬賢禮士/敬贤礼士 ― jìngxiánlǐshì ― to treat worthies and intellectuals respectfully and courteously
- 48th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "ritual" (𝌵)
- a surname
Usage notes
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Usually, a single 禮/礼 (lǐ) refers to a gift that involves more serious social interaction. For gifts between friends, 禮物/礼物 (lǐwù) is used instead.
Compounds
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References
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Japanese
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Etymology
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From Middle Chinese 禮 (MC lejX).
Pronunciation
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Wikisource
禮 (eumhun 례도/예도 례 (ryedo/yedo rye), South Korea 례도/예도 예 (ryedo/yedo ye))
- Hanja form? of 례/예 (“manners; etiquette”).
Compounds
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Compounds
- 무례 (無禮, murye, “rudeness”)
- 예절 (禮節, yejeol, “manners, etiquette”)
- 예식 (禮式, yesik, “ceremony”)
- 예의 (禮儀, yeui, “manners, etiquette”)
- 혼례 (婚禮, hollye, “wedding”)
- 예배 (禮拜, yebae, “worship”)
- 결례 (缺禮, gyeollye, “discourtesy”)
- 다례 (茶禮, darye, “tea ceremony”)
- 사례 (謝禮, sarye, “return, reward”)
- 답례 (答禮, damnye, “return, reward”)
- 경례 (敬禮, gyeongnye, “salute”)
- 세례 (洗禮, serye, “baptism”)
- 장례 (葬禮, jangnye, “funeral”)
References
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- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
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Han character
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禮: Hán Việt readings: lễ (里弟切)[1][2][3]
禮: Nôm readings: lễ[1][2][4], lạy[3][5], lẻ[1][3][5][4], lẫy[2][3][5][4], rẽ[2][3], rẩy[2][5], lẩy[3][5], lãi[3][4], lể[5][4], lởi[3], lỡi[3], lấy[3], lảy[4], rẻ[4]
- chữ Hán form of lễ (“ritual; etiquette; to kowtow; an offering; ceremony”).
- Nôm form of lạy (“to kowtow”).
- Nôm form of lẻ (“odd (not divisible by two)”).
References
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