帝

Translingual

Han character

帝 (Kangxi radical 50, 巾+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 卜月中月 (YBLB), four-corner 0022₇, composition ⿱⿳亠丷冖巾)

Derived characters

偙, 啼, 𭏅, 媂, 崹, 揥, 渧, 𭦽, 腣, 楴, 𤧛, 𬊱, 遆, 碲, 禘, 𮇱, 締(缔), 褅, 諦(谛), 𮙫, 蹄, 𮠺, 鍗, 𩋣, 𩤢, 䱱(𬶤), 𪕬, 𪖰, 𪯐, 𢅛, 𢋠, 䫕, 㡣, 鶙, 𨼨, 𪼀, 蒂, 啻, 㛳, 𢝃, 𪪶, 𬃨

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 330, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8865
Dae Jaweon: page 636, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 738, character 2
Unihan data for U+5E1D

Chinese

simp. and trad.		帝
alternative forms		𢂇𠫦

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 帝
Shang		Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Warring States		Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Ancient script	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (帝) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
膪	rtaːɡs, rteːɡs
揥	tʰeds, teː
腣	teː, teːɡs
諦	*teːɡs
偙	*teːɡs
渧	*teːɡs
帝	*teːɡs
楴	*tʰeːɡs
啼	*deː
蹄	*deː
締	deː, deːɡs
崹	*deː
鶙	*deː
禘	*deːɡs
啻	*hljeɡs
嫡	rteɡ, teːɡ
摘	rteːɡ, tʰeːɡ
謫	*rteːɡ
讁	*rteːɡ
擿	*deɡ
蹢	deɡ, teːɡ
適	tjeɡ, hljeɡ, *teːɡ
啇	*teːɡ
滴	*teːɡ
鏑	*teːɡ
甋	*teːɡ
樀	teːɡ, deːɡ
敵	*deːɡ

Pictogram (象形) . Possible interpretations:

The sepal of a flower; original form of 蒂 (OC *teːds, “stem; peduncle”).
Tied-up firewood; original form of 禘 (OC *deːɡs).
An altar; original form of 禘 (OC *deːɡs).
An asterism joining three stars of Ursa Major with three of Ursa Minor, together with Thuban and Kochab. Around 2000 BCE the three top-to-bottom lines would have crossed at the north celestial pole, where the god 帝 dwelt (Pankenier, 2004).

The character's first attested use is for “God of Heaven”; it was later used as a title for emperors. Shuowen erroneously interprets the character to be a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *teːɡs) : semantic 丄 (“up; above”) + phonetic 朿 (OC *sʰeɡs).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *teɣ (“God”); compare Tibetan ཐེ (the, “celestial gods of the Bon religion”), Jingpho [script needed] (mə³¹-tai³³, “god of the sky”), Proto-Bodo-Garo *mɯ-Dai⁴ (“spirit; god”) (Coblin, 1986; Schuessler, 2007; Sagart, 2011). Cognate with 禘 (OC *deːɡs, “a kind of sacrifice”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Alternatively, Sagart (1999) derives it from a root *tek (“to be master over; to rule over”), whence also 適 (OC *ᵃtek, “to rule; to control”), 嫡 (OC *ᵃtek, “son of principal wife”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): dì (di⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄧˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): di⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): dai³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ai¹
Gan (Wiktionary): di⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ti

(Meixian, Guangdong): di⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): di³
Northern Min (KCR): di̿
Eastern Min (BUC): dá̤
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): tè

(Teochew, Peng'im): di³
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ti
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): di⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dì
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dì
  - Wade–Giles: ti⁴
  - Yale: dì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dih
  - Palladius: ди (di)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: di⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: di
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: dai³
  - Yale: dai
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dai³
  - Guangdong Romanization: dei³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɐi̯³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ai¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ai³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: di⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ti
  - Hakka Romanization System: di
  - Hagfa Pinyim: di⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ti⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: di⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ti⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: di³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ti⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: di̿
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dá̤
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɑ²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tè
  - Tâi-lô: tè
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dex
  - IPA (Xiamen): /te²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /te⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /te²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /te¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /te²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: di³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tì
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti²¹³/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ti
  - MiniDict: ti^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ti
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ti³⁴/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: di⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ti⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: tejH

Rime
Character	帝
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	端 (5)
Final (韻)	齊 (39)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	都計切
Baxter	tejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tei^H/
Pan Wuyun	/tei^H/
Shao Rongfen	/tɛi^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tɛj^H/
Li Rong	/tei^H/
Wang Li	/tiei^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/tiei^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	dai³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*tˤek-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*teːɡs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	帝
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dì
Middle Chinese	‹ tej^H ›
Old Chinese	/*tˁek-s/
English	God
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	帝
Reading #	1/1
No.	2313
Phonetic component	帝
Rime group	賜
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	帝
Old Chinese	/*teːɡs/
Notes	甲金文象根啇非朿聲

Definitions

帝

^† God of Heaven
emperor; sovereign
Short for 帝國主義／帝国主义 (dìguózhǔyì, “imperialism”).
反帝鬥爭／反帝斗争 ― fǎndì dòuzhēng ― anti-imperialism struggle

Compounds

上帝 (Shàngdì)
上帝教
三皇五帝 (Sānhuáng Wǔdì)
二帝三王
五帝 (Wǔdì)
亞述帝國／亚述帝国
伏魔大帝
保生大帝 (Bǎoshēng Dàdì)
先帝 (xiāndì)
兒皇帝／儿皇帝
剎帝利／刹帝利 (chàdìlì)
印加帝國／印加帝国
反帝 (fǎndì)
后帝 (hòudì)
土皇帝 (tǔhuángdì)
外王內帝／外王内帝 (wàiwángnèidì)
大帝 (dàdì)
大英帝國／大英帝国 (Dàyīng Dìguó)
天帝 (tiāndì)
太帝 (Tàidì)
奧匈帝國／奥匈帝国 (Ào-Xiōng Dìguó)
帝京
帝位 (dìwèi)
帝俄 (Dì'é)
帝制 (dìzhì)
帝力 (Dìlì)
帝后
帝君 (dìjūn)
帝命
帝嚳／帝喾 (Dìkù)
帝國／帝国 (dìguó)
帝國主義／帝国主义 (dìguózhǔyì)
帝國大廈／帝国大厦 (Dìguó Dàshà)
帝堯／帝尧
帝女
帝妃 (dìfēi)
帝室 (dìshì)
帝宮／帝宫
帝居
帝師／帝师
帝庭
帝德
帝星 (Dìxīng)
帝業／帝业 (dìyè)
帝王 (dìwáng)
帝王之道
帝王政治
帝王條款／帝王条款
帝皇 (dìhuáng)
帝祚
帝虎
帝號／帝号
帝道 (dìdào)
帝都 (dìdū)
帝鄉／帝乡
帝釋天／帝释天 (Dìshìtiān)
帝閽／帝阍
帝闕／帝阙
帝雉 (dìzhì)
平天大帝
廢帝／废帝 (fèidì)
影帝 (yǐngdì)
望帝
望帝啼鵑／望帝啼鹃
末代皇帝
波斯帝國／波斯帝国
洪憲帝制／洪宪帝制
火帝真君
炎帝 (Yándì)
玄天上帝 (Xuántiān Shàngdì)
玉天大帝
玉帝 (Yù Dì)
玉皇上帝 (Yùhuáng Shàngdì)
玉皇大帝 (Yùhuáng Dàdì)
白帝 (Báidì)
白帝城 (Báidìchéng)
皇帝 (huángdì)
皇帝豆 (huángdìdòu)
真武大帝 (Zhēnwǔ Dàdì)
稱帝／称帝 (chēngdì)
稱王稱帝／称王称帝
簡在帝心／简在帝心
羅馬帝國／罗马帝国 (Luómǎ Dìguó)
義帝／义帝 (Yì Dì)
胡天胡帝
蒙古帝國／蒙古帝国 (Měnggǔ Dìguó)
西臺帝國／西台帝国
赤帝 (chìdì)
赤帝子
遼天祚帝／辽天祚帝
關帝／关帝 (Guāndì)
關帝廟／关帝庙 (Guāndìmiào)
關聖帝君／关圣帝君 (Guānshèng Dìjūn)
雩帝
魯魚帝虎／鲁鱼帝虎
黃帝／黄帝 (Huángdì)
黃帝乘龍／黄帝乘龙
黑帝
龍孫帝子／龙孙帝子

Japanese

Shinjitai	帝
Kyūjitai ^[1]^[2]	帝󠄁 帝+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	帝󠄃 帝+`󠄃`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Alternative forms

御(み)門(かど) (mikado) (see there for the kun'yomi reading's etymology)

Kanji

帝

(Jōyō kanji)

sovereign

Readings

Go-on: たい (tai)
Kan-on: てい (tei, Jōyō)
Kun: みかど (mikado, 帝)
Nanori: ただ (tada); みかど (mikado)

Compounds

Derived terms

炎(えん)帝(てい) (entei)
賢(けん)帝(てい) (kentei)
- 五(ご)賢(けん)帝(てい) (gokentei)
皇(こう)帝(てい) (kōtei)
女(じょ)帝(てい) (jotei)
新(しん)帝(てい) (shintei)
先(せん)帝(てい) (sentei)
帝(たい)釈(しゃく) (taishaku)
- 帝(たい)釈(しゃく)天(てん) (taishakuten)
大(たい)帝(てい) (taitei)
帝(てい)位(い) (teī)
帝(てい)威(い) (teī)
帝(てい)王(おう) (teiō)
帝(てい)業(ぎょう) (teigyō)
帝(てい)劇(げき) (teigeki)
帝(てい)国(こく) (teikoku, “empire”)
帝(てい)座(ざ) (teiza)
帝(てい)室(しつ) (teishitsu)
帝(てい)城(じょう) (teijō)
帝(てい)政(せい) (teisei)
帝(てい)大(だい) (teidai)
帝(てい)都(と) (teito)
女(にょ)帝(たい) (nyotai)^[3]
皇(おう)帝(だい) (ōdai)
幼(よう)帝(てい) (yōtei)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) みかど [mìkádó] (Heiban – [0])^[4]^[5]
IPA^(key): [mʲika̠do̞]

Noun

帝(みかど) • (mikado)

mikado (emperor of Japan)
emperor

Derived terms

帝(みかど)揚(あげ)羽(は) (mikado ageha, “Graphium doson”)

References

^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 760 (paper), page 430 (digital)
^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 487 (paper), page 256 (digital)
^ According to Jinnō Shōtōki (神皇正統記) by Kitabatake Chikafusa (北畠親房), 1339, 女帝 is pronounced as によたい (nyotai).
^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 帝 (MC tejH). Recorded as Middle Korean 뎨〯 (tyěy) (Yale: tyey) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

帝

Wikisource

帝 (eumhun 임금 제 (imgeum je))

hanja form^? of 제 (“emperor”)

Compounds

황제 (皇帝, hwangje)
제국 (帝國, jeguk)
제위 (帝位, jewi)
제왕 (帝王, jewang)
제궐 (帝闕, jegwol)
제명 (帝命, jemyeong)
대한 제국 (大韓帝國, Daehan jeguk)
제국주의 (帝國主義, jegukjuui)
제왕 절개 (帝王切開, jewang jeolgae)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

Han character

帝: Hán Nôm readings: đế, đấy, đê, để, đí, đó

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 760 (paper), page 430 (digital)

[2] Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 487 (paper), page 256 (digital)

[3] According to Jinnō Shōtōki (神皇正統記) by Kitabatake Chikafusa (北畠親房), 1339, 女帝 is pronounced as によたい (nyotai).

[SMK7-4] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-5] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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