擬

See also: 儗 and 拟

擬	U+64EC, 擬 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-64EC

← 擫
[U+64EB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

擭 →
[U+64ED]

Translingual Edit

Han character Edit

擬 (Kangxi radical 64, 手+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 手心大人 (QPKO), four-corner 5708₁, composition ⿰扌疑)

Related characters Edit

拟 (Simplified Chinese)

References Edit

KangXi: page 460, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12870
Dae Jaweon: page 809, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1975, character 4
Unihan data for U+64EC

Chinese Edit

trad.		擬
simp.		拟
alternative forms		儗／拟

Glyph origin Edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
礙	*ŋɯːs
儗	ŋɯːs, hŋɯːs, ŋɯʔ, ŋɯs
懝	ŋɯːs, ŋɯɡ
譺	ŋrɯːs, ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡	*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑	*ŋɯ
嶷	ŋɯ, ŋɯɡ
觺	*ŋɯ
擬	*ŋɯʔ
薿	ŋɯʔ, ŋɯɡ
凝	ŋrɯŋ, ŋrɯŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋɯʔ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ).

Pronunciation Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nǐ (ni³)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ji⁵, ji⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngei⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngí

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngi³
Min Dong (BUC): ngī
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gí

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngi²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Shanghainese): ⁶gni

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nǐ
  - Wade–Giles: ni³
  - Yale: nǐ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nii
  - Palladius: ни (ni)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ji⁵, ji⁴
  - Yale: yíh, yìh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁵, ji⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yi⁵, yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː¹³/, /jiː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngei⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡei²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngí
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngi`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngi³
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngi³
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gí
  - Tâi-lô: gí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gie
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡi⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /ɡi⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /ɡi⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngi²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wugniu: ⁶gni
  - Wiktionary Romanisation: ³nyi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲi²³/

Middle Chinese: ngiX

Rime
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚紀切
Baxter	ngiX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ŋiə^X/
Wang Li	/ŋĭə^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǐ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji⁵

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ ngi^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)əʔ/ (< uvular)
English	estimate, calculate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
No.	14897
Phonetic component	疑
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	擬
Old Chinese	/*ŋɯʔ/

Definitions Edit

擬

to compare
to imitate; to copy; to emulate; to mimic
to plan; to propose
to draft; to devise; to draw up
to presuppose; to hypothesise; to assert

Synonyms Edit

(to compare):

例 (lì) (literary, or in compounds)
對比／对比 (duìbǐ)
對照／对照 (duìzhào)
比並／比并 (bī-piâng) (Min Dong)
比對／比对 (bǐduì)
比擬／比拟 (bǐnǐ)
比照 (bǐzhào)
比較／比较
視／视 (shì) (archaic)
進行比較／进行比较 (jìnxíng bǐjiào)

(to imitate):

仿效 (fǎngxiào)
仿照 (fǎngzhào)
效仿 (xiàofǎng)
模仿 (mófǎng)
模擬／模拟 (mónǐ)
臨摹／临摹 (línmó) (a model of calligraphy, painting, etc.)
規矩／规矩 (guījǔ) (literary)

(to plan):

作計／作计 (zuòjì) (literary)
打算 (dǎsuàn)
拍算 (phah-sǹg) (Min Nan)
按算 (Min Nan)
派胚 (Min Nan)
準備／准备 (zhǔnbèi)
營為／营为 (Min Nan)
盤算／盘算
策劃／策划 (cèhuà)
策動／策动 (cèdòng)
算 (suàn)
算打 (sáung-dā) (Min Dong)
算計／算计 (suànjì)
籌劃／筹划 (chóuhuà)
考慮／考虑 (kǎolǜ)
規／规 (literary, or in compounds)
計劃／计划 (jìhuà)
計算／计算 (jìsuàn)
設／设 (shè)
試圖／试图 (shìtú)
謀劃／谋划 (móuhuà)

(to draft):

草創／草创 (cǎochuàng) (literary)
草擬／草拟 (cǎonǐ)
起草 (qǐcǎo)

(to presuppose):

估計／估计 (gūjì)
估量
假定 (jiǎdìng)
假想 (jiǎxiǎng)
假設／假设 (jiǎshè)
商量 (shāngliàng) (Classical Chinese)
嫌 (xián) (literary, or in compounds)
忖度 (cǔnduó) (literary)
思裁 (sīcái) (literary)
想象 (xiǎngxiàng)
懸／悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
懷疑／怀疑 (huáiyí)
打估 (Pinghua)
推想 (tuīxiǎng)
推測／推测 (tuīcè)
揣度 (formal)
母量 (mu³ liong) (Gan)
派胚 (Min Nan)
測／测 (cè) (literary, or in compounds)
測估／测估 (cègū)
測度／测度 (cèduó)
測算／测算 (cèsuàn)
猜 (cāi)
猜度 (cāiduó)
猜想 (cāixiǎng)
猜摸 (cāimo)
猜料 (cāiliào)
猜測／猜测 (cāicè)
猜詳／猜详 (cāixiáng)
算 (suàn)
算計／算计 (suànjì)
約摸／约摸 (yuēmo)
臭疑 (Min Nan)
臭青疑 (Min Nan)
虛擬／虚拟 (xūnǐ)
要約／要约 (iau³ ieh⁴) (Jin)
設／设 (shè)
設想／设想 (shèxiǎng)
阿合 (Quanzhou & Xiamen Hokkien)
青疑 (Min Nan)
預計／预计 (yùjì)

Compounds Edit

References Edit

“擬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese Edit

Kanji Edit

擬

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

mimic, imitate
guess, suspect
pseudo-, mock-

Readings Edit

Go-on: ご (go)
Kan-on: ぎ (gi, Jōyō)
Kun: まがい (magai, 擬); もどく (modoku, 擬く); なぞらえる (nazoraeru, 擬える); はかる (hakaru, 擬る)

Compounds Edit

擬(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku, “placebo”)
模(も)擬(ぎ) (mogi, “mock”)

Korean Edit

Etymology Edit

From Middle Chinese 擬 (MC ngiX).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅴᆼ〯 (Yale: ngǔy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 의 (uy) (Yale: uy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation Edit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɰi]
Phonetic hangul: [의]

Hanja Edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

擬

Wikisource

擬 (eumhun 비길 의 (bigil ui))

Hanja form^? of 의 (“to compare”).
Hanja form^? of 의 (“to imitate; to emulate”).

Compounds Edit

Compounds

모의 (模擬, moui, “imitation; simulation”)
의성 (擬聲, uiseong, “imitation sound”)
의성어 (擬聲語, uiseong'eo, “onomatopoeia”)
의태어 (擬態語, uitaeeo, “ideophone”)
의인 (擬人, uiin, “personification”)
의인화 (擬人化, uiinhwa, “anthropomorphization”)

References Edit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese Edit

Han character Edit

擬: Hán Nôm readings: nghĩ, nghỉ

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