擬

See also: 儗 and 拟

擬	U+64EC, 擬 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-64EC

← 擫
[U+64EB]

CJK Unified Ideographs

擭 →
[U+64ED]

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

擬 (radical 64, 手+14, 17 strokes, cangjie input 手心大人 (QPKO), four-corner 5708₁, composition ⿰扌疑)

Related charactersEdit

拟 (Simplified Chinese)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 460, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 12870
Dae Jaweon: page 809, character 6
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1975, character 4
Unihan data for U+64EC

ChineseEdit

trad.		擬
simp.		拟

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (疑) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
礙	*ŋɯːs
儗	ŋɯːs, hŋɯːs, ŋɯʔ, ŋɯs
懝	ŋɯːs, ŋɯɡ
譺	ŋrɯːs, ŋɯʔ, *ŋɯs
癡	*ŋ̊ʰl'ɯ
疑	*ŋɯ
嶷	ŋɯ, ŋɯɡ
觺	*ŋɯ
擬	*ŋɯʔ
薿	ŋɯʔ, ŋɯɡ
凝	ŋrɯŋ, ŋrɯŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋɯʔ): semantic 扌 (“hand”) + phonetic 疑 (OC *ŋɯ).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nǐ (ni³)

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ji⁵, ji⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngí

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngi³
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): gí

(Teochew, Peng'im): ngi²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: nǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧˇ
  - Wade–Giles: ni³
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nii
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nǐ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ni²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ji⁵, ji⁴
  - Yale: yíh, yìh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ji⁵, ji⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yi⁵, yi⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiː¹³/, /jiː²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngí
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngi`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngi³
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngi³
  - Sinological IPA: /ɲi³¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gí
  - Tâi-lô: gí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gie
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɡi⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡi⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡi⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɡi⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡi⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ngi²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋi⁵²/

Middle Chinese: /ŋɨ^X/

Rime
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	魚紀切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɨ^X/
Li Rong	/ŋiə^X/
Wang Li	/ŋĭə^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yǐ

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ ngi^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[ŋ](r)əʔ/ (< uvular)
English	estimate, calculate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	擬
Reading #	1/1
No.	14897
Phonetic component	疑
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	擬
Old Chinese	/*ŋɯʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

擬

to compare
to imitate; to copy; to emulate; to mimic
to plan; to propose
to draft; to devise; to draw up
to presuppose; to hypothesise; to assert

SynonymsEdit

(to compare):

edit

對比／对比 (duìbǐ)
對照／对照 (duìzhào)

比對／比对 (bǐduì)
比擬／比拟 (bǐnǐ)

比較／比较 (bǐjiào)
進行比較／进行比较 (jìnxíng bǐjiào)

(to imitate):

edit

仿效 (fǎngxiào)
仿照 (fǎngzhào)
效仿 (xiàofǎng)

模仿 (mófǎng)
模擬／模拟 (mónǐ)

臨摹／临摹 (línmó) (a model of calligraphy, painting, etc.)
規矩／规矩 (guījǔ) (literary)

(to plan):

edit

Synonyms of 擬

打算 (dǎsuàn)
拍算 (“phah-sǹg”) (Min Nan)
按算 (Min Nan)
派胚 (Min Nan)
準備／准备 (zhǔnbèi)
營為／营为 (Min Nan)

盤算／盘算 (pánsuan)
策劃／策划 (cèhuà)
策動／策动 (cèdòng)
算打 (Min Dong)
算計／算计 (suànjì)
籌劃／筹划 (chóuhuà)

考慮／考虑 (kǎolǜ)
規／规 (guī) (literary, or in compounds)
計劃／计划 (jìhuà)
計算／计算 (jìsuàn)
試圖／试图 (shìtú)
謀劃／谋划 (móuhuà)

(to draft):

edit

草創／草创 (cǎochuàng) (literary)

起草 (qǐcǎo)

(to presuppose): 假定 (jiǎdìng), 假設／假设 (jiǎshè)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 擬

不擬／不拟
仿擬／仿拟
准擬／准拟
原擬／原拟
如擬／如拟
懸擬／悬拟
摹擬／摹拟
擬人／拟人 (nǐrén)
擬人化／拟人化 (nǐrénhuà)
擬人法／拟人法
擬作／拟作
擬具／拟具
擬古／拟古 (nǐgǔ)
擬合／拟合 (nǐhé)
擬妥／拟妥
擬定／拟定 (nǐdìng)

擬就／拟就
擬核／拟核 (nǐhé)
擬稿／拟稿 (nǐgǎo)
擬經／拟经
擬聲詞／拟声词 (nǐshēngcí)
擬規畫圓／拟规画圆
擬訂／拟订 (nǐdìng)
擬設／拟设
擬請／拟请
擬議／拟议 (nǐyì)
擬辦／拟办
擬音／拟音 (nǐyīn)
擬題／拟题
構擬／构拟 (gòunǐ)
模擬／模拟 (mónǐ)
模擬器／模拟器 (mónǐqì)

ReferencesEdit

“擬”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

擬

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

mimic, imitate
guess, suspect
pseudo-, mock-

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: ご (go)
Kan-on: ぎ (gi, Jōyō)
Kun: まがい (magai, 擬); もどき (modoki, 擬き); なぞらえる (nazoraeru, 擬える); はかる (hakaru, 擬る)

CompoundsEdit

擬(ぎ)薬(やく) (giyaku, “placebo”)
模(も)擬(ぎ) (mogi, “mock”)

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 擬 (MC ŋɨ^X).

Historical readings
Recorded as Middle Korean ᅌᅴᆼ〯 (Yale: ngǔy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448. Recorded as Middle Korean 의 (Yale: uy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

PronunciationEdit

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɰi]
Phonetic hangeul: [의]

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

擬

Wikisource

擬 (eumhun 비길 의 (bigil ui))

Hanja form^? of 의 (“to compare”).
Hanja form^? of 의 (“to imitate; to emulate”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

모의 (模擬, moui, “imitation; simulation”)
의성 (擬聲, uiseong, “imitation sound”)
의성어 (擬聲語, uiseong-eo, “onomatopoeia”)
의태어 (擬態語, uitaeeo, “ideophone”)
의인 (擬人, uiin, “personification”)
의인화 (擬人化, uiinhwa, “anthropomorphization”)

ReferencesEdit

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

擬: Hán Nôm readings: nghĩ, nghỉ

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