猿

See also: 猨

猿 U+733F, 猿 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-733F ← 猾 [U+733E] CJK Unified Ideographs 獀 → [U+7340]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

猿 (Kangxi radical 94, 犬+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 大竹土口女 (KHGRV), four-corner 4423₂, composition ⿰犭袁)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 716, character 19
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 20584
• Dae Jaweon: page 1128, character 9
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1361, character 15
• Unihan data for U+733F

Chinese

simp. and trad.		猿
2nd round simp.		𤝌
alternative forms		猨 蝯 𤠔 𪻅 𤝌 猨 蝯 𤠔 𪻅 𤝌 𫞤

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (袁) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
薳	*ɢʷalʔ
袁	*ɢʷan
園	*ɢʷan
轅	*ɢʷan
猿	*ɢʷan
榬	*ɢʷan
溒	*ɢʷan
遠	*ɢʷanʔ, *ɢʷans

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɢʷan): semantic 犭 + phonetic 袁 (OC *ɢʷan).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *b/g-woj-n (“monkey”).

Alternatively, the root may be Austroasiatic; compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *swaaʔ (“monkey”) (Schuessler, 2007); compare also Proto-Mon-Khmer *kwaɲ ~ kwaaɲʔ.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yuán (yuan²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄩㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jyun⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yèn / yàn
• Eastern Min (BUC): uòng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): oân

  (Teochew, Peng'im): uang⁵ / uêng⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶yoe

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yuán
    • Zhuyin: ㄩㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yuán
    • Wade–Giles: yüan²
    • Yale: ywán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuan
    • Palladius: юань (juanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɥɛn³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jyun⁴
    • Yale: yùhn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jyn⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: yun⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyːn²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yèn
    • Hakka Romanization System: ien^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yan²
    • Sinological IPA: /i̯en¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàn
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)ian^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yan²
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: uòng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uoŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: oân
    • Tâi-lô: uân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: oaan
    • IPA (Xiamen): /uan²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /uan²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /uan¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /uan²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /uan²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: uang⁵ / uêng⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: uâng / uêng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /uaŋ⁵⁵/, /ueŋ⁵⁵/

Note:

• uang5 - Shantou;
• uêng5 - Chaozhou.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶yoe
    • MiniDict: yoe^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhyoe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦyø²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: hjwon

Rime
Character	猿
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	云 (35)
Final (韻)	元 (66)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	雨元切
Baxter	hjwon
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦʉɐn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷiɐn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣiuɐn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦuan/
Li Rong	/ɣiuɐn/
Wang Li	/ɣĭwɐn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯wɐn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yuán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyun4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷan/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	猿
Reading #	1/1
No.	16223
Phonetic component	袁
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	袁
Old Chinese	/*ɢʷan/
Notes	俗猨字見山海經

Definitions

猿

1. ape

Compounds

• 人猿
• 人猿泰山
• 人猿科
• 元謀猿人 / 元谋猿人
• 吼猿
• 巨猿
• 心猿意馬 / 心猿意马 (xīnyuányìmǎ)
• 意馬心猿 / 意马心猿
• 拉瑪猿 / 拉玛猿
• 檻猿籠鳥 / 槛猿笼鸟
• 狐媚猿攀
• 猿人 (yuánrén)
• 猿狖
• 猿猴 (yuánhóu)
• 猿猴取月
• 猿科
• 猿穴壞山 / 猿穴坏山
• 猿腸寸斷 / 猿肠寸断
• 猿臂
• 猿鶴沙蟲 / 猿鹤沙虫
• 猿鶴蟲沙 / 猿鹤虫沙
• 白猿
• 白猿傳 / 白猿传
• 窮猿失木 / 穷猿失木
• 窮猿奔林 / 穷猿奔林
• 窮猿投林 / 穷猿投林
• 籠鳥檻猿 / 笼鸟槛猿
• 縱放心猿 / 纵放心猿
• 藍田猿人 / 蓝田猿人
• 虎體猿臂 / 虎体猿臂 (hǔ tǐ yuán bì)
• 虛引猿泣 / 虚引猿泣
• 蟲沙猿鶴 / 虫沙猿鹤
• 調弓號猿 / 调弓号猿
• 豹頭猿臂 / 豹头猿臂 (bàotóuyuánbì)
• 長臂猿 / 长臂猿 (chángbìyuán)
• 類人猿 / 类人猿 (lèirényuán)

See also

• 猴 (hóu)

Japanese

Kanji

猿

(Jōyō kanji)

1. monkey

Readings

• Go-on: おん (on)^{←をん (won, historical)}
• Kan-on: えん (en, Jōyō)^{←ゑん (wen, historical)}
• Kun: さる (saru, 猿, Jōyō)、まし (mashi, 猿)、ましら (mashira, 猿ら)
• Nanori: さ (sa)、さる (saru)、さわ (sawa)

Etymology 1

猿 (saru, mashi, mashira): a monkey, specifically a Japanese macaque.

Kanji in this term
猿
さる Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.

Ultimate derivation possibly borrowed from Ainu サロ (saro, “monkey”, from サㇻ (sar, “a tail”) + オ (o, “to bear, to wear, to carry”)).

The kanji is from Chinese 猿 (yuán, “ape”). Compare Japanese 猪 (inoshishi, “boar”) from Chinese 猪 (zhū, “pig”) and Japanese 豚 (buta, “pig”) from Chinese 豚 (tún, “suckling pig”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) さる [sáꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [sa̠ɾɯ̟]

Noun

猿(さる) or 猿(サル) • (saru)  (counter 匹)

1. a monkey (primate)
   • 1079, Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō Ongi, page 10 (back):

     猕猴 二字合訓佐流

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. Short for 日本猿 (Nihonzaru, “Japanese macaque”).
3. (loosely) an ape (animal)
   • 1988 July 30 [1984 July 25], Fujiko F. Fujio, “世(せ)界(かい)名(めい)作(さく)童(どう)話(わ)第(だい)３(さん)巻(かん) うらしま太(た)郎(ろう) [World’s Renowned Fairy Tales Book 3: Urashima Tarō]”, in ポストの中の明日 [Post-Mid-Tomorrow] (藤子不二雄少年SF短編集; 2), 10th edition, volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, page 117:

     地(ち)球(きゅう)は、サルのわく星(せい)になっていましたとさ。

     Chikyū wa, saru no wakusei ni natte imashita to sa.

     Meanwhile, Earth became the Planet of the Apes.

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as サル.

Derived terms

• 日(ニ)本(ホン)猿(ザル) (Nihonzaru)
• 狐(キツネ)猿(ザル) (kitsunezaru)
• 猿(さる)も木(き)から落(お)ちる (saru mo ki kara ochiru)
• 申(さる) (saru)
• 猿楽(さるがく) (sarugaku)

Descendants

• → Yami: sazo

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
猿
まし Grade: S
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, used phonetically to spell the sound /masi/.

Ultimate derivation unknown.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) まし [máꜜshì] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ma̠ɕi]

Noun

猿(まし) • (mashi) 

1. (archaic, possibly obsolete) a monkey

Usage notes

This form seems to be used less often than mashira below.

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
猿
ましら Grade: S
kun'yomi

Derived from earlier mashi form above. Found in texts from the early 1900s, possibly earlier. Appears to be mashi + the pluralizing and genericizing suffix ら (ra).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ましら [màshírá] (Heiban – [0])
• (Tokyo) ましら [máꜜshìrà] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ma̠ɕiɾa̠]

Noun

猿(ましら) • (mashira) 

1. (archaic) a monkey

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
猿
えん Grade: S
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 猿 (MC hjwon).

The kan'on pronunciation, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ẽ̞ɴ]

Affix

猿(えん) • (en) ^{←ゑん (wen)?}

1. monkey

Derived terms

• 猿(えん)臂(ぴ) (enpi): a monkey's elbow; someone skilled at archery
• 類(るい)人(じん)猿(えん) (ruijin'en): an anthropoid

References

• Tsukishima, Hiroshi (1079) Kojisho Ongi Shūsei 12: Konkōmyō Saishōōkyō Ongi (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Kyūko Shoin, published 1979, →ISBN.

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 猿 (MC hjwon). Recorded as Middle Korean 𫞤/원 (wen) (Yale: wen) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

猿 (eumhun 원숭이 원 (wonsung'i won))

1. hanja form^? of 원 (“ape”)

Compounds

• 견원 (犬猿, gyeonwon)
• 원인 (猿人, wonin, “apeman; prehistoric man”)
• 유인원 (類人猿, yuinwon, “anthropoid”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

猿: Hán Nôm readings: viên, vượn, ươi

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Nôm: viên, vượn

References

• Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
• Trần Văn Chánh: Từ Điển Hán Việt NXB Trẻ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
• Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville