U+6D77, 海
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D77

[U+6D76]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+6D78]

U+FA45, 海
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA45

[U+FA44]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+FA46]
海 U+2F901, 海
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F901
派
[U+2F900]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 流
[U+2F902]

Translingual edit

Japanese
Simplified
Traditional
Stroke order
 

Alternative forms edit

In Chinese, the bottom right component is with 2 dots, yielding . In Japanese shinjitai, this component is simplified to (1 cross stroke), yielding (+). Both forms are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint – see Han unification.

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 85, +7 in Chinese and Korean, 水+6 in Japanese, 10 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水人田卜 (EOWY) or 水人田十 (EOWJ), four-corner 38157, composition (GHTKV or U+FA45) or (J or U+2F901))

Derived characters edit

Further reading edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 625, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17450
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1023, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1627, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+6D77

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
     

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *hmlɯːʔ): semantic (water) + phonetic (OC *mɯːʔ).

Etymology edit

Probably related to (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”); in numerous Zhou texts is described as (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the parallelism in Chinese: (OC *meːŋ, *meːŋʔ, “ocean”) < (OC *meːŋ, “dark”).

STEDT compares (OC *hmlɯːʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder).

Pronunciation edit



  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /xai²¹⁴/
Harbin /xai²¹³/
Tianjin /xai¹³/
Jinan /xɛ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /xɛ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /xai⁵³/
Xi'an /xai⁵³/
Xining /xɛ⁵³/
Yinchuan /xɛ⁵³/
Lanzhou /xɛ⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /xai⁵¹/
Wuhan /xai⁴²/
Chengdu /xai⁵³/
Guiyang /xai⁴²/
Kunming /xæ⁵³/
Nanjing /xae²¹²/
Hefei /xe̞²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /xai⁵³/
Pingyao /xæ⁵³/
Hohhot /xɛ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /he³⁵/
Suzhou /he̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /he̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /he³⁵/
Hui Shexian /xɛ³⁵/
Tunxi /xuə³¹/
Xiang Changsha /xai⁴¹/
Xiangtan /xai⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /hai²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hoi³¹/
Taoyuan /hoi³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔi³⁵/
Nanning /hɔi³⁵/
Hong Kong /hɔi³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hai⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hai³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xuɛ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /hai⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hai²¹³/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (32)
Final () (41)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter xojX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/hʌiX/
Pan
Wuyun
/həiX/
Shao
Rongfen
/xɒiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/həjX/
Li
Rong
/xᴀiX/
Wang
Li
/xɒiX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/xɑ̆iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
hǎi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
hoi2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
hǎi
Middle
Chinese
‹ xojX ›
Old
Chinese
/*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-)
English sea

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 9283
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*hmlɯːʔ/

Definitions edit

  1. sea; ocean
      ―  Hǎo xiǎng qù kàn hǎi.  ―  I really want to go and look at the sea.
  2. big lake
      ―  Ěrhǎi  ―  Er Lake
  3. (Cantonese) wide river
  4. (of containers, amount, etc.) big; large
      ―  hǎiwǎn  ―  extra large bowl
      ―  hǎiliàng  ―  huge amount
      ―  hǎi tóu  ―  to send résumés to many companies; to use shotgun approach in job hunting
      ―  hǎi biǎn  ―  (slang) to beat someone tremendously
    咪咪  ―  hǎi mīmī  ―  (slang) big boobs
  5. overseas; abroad
      ―  hǎizǎo  ―  date palm
  6. (figurative) sea; abundance; infiniteness
      ―  rénhǎi  ―  huge crowd
      ―  huǒhǎi  ―  sea of flames
  7. (dialectal, colloquial) profuse; numerous
  8. (dialectal, colloquial) unrestrainedly; randomly; casually
  9. a surname. Hai (mainland China, Taiwan), Hoi (Hong Kong)
      ―  Hǎi Ruì  ―  Hai Rui (Chinese scholar-official of the Ming dynasty)

Synonyms edit

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (かい) (kai)
  • Korean: 해(海) (hae)
  • Vietnamese: hải ()

Others:

References edit

Japanese edit

Shinjitai
Kyūjitai
[1]


&#xFA45;
or
+&#xFE00;?
 
海󠄀
+&#xE0100;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
海󠄃
+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji edit

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanjishinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form )

  1. sea, ocean
  2. vastly gathered
  3. large, wide

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
うみ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
(kyūjitai)
 
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

⟨umi1 → */umij//umi/

From Old Japanese, theorized as descending from Proto-Japonic *omi.

Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:

This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo//oː//o//u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, flood).
  • From (u-, stem indicating “ocean) + (mi, water, combining form). The u- stem is evident in (uo, fish) and (ushio, salt water; tide), and in the (una) element in various ancient terms (see below).

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

(うみ) (umi

  1. a sea, an ocean
    Antonym: (oka, riku)
    (うみ)(なか)にはいろんな()(もの)()らしています。
    Umi no naka ni wa ironna ikimono ga kurashiteimasu.
    There are all sorts of creatures living in the sea.
    (うみ)()こう
    Umi ni ikō yo!
    Let's go to the beach!
  2. a lake
    Synonym: (mizuumi)
  3. (figurative) an object covering over a large area, as in 血の海 (chi no umi, pool of blood) or 火の海 (hi no umi, sea of fire)
  4. (planetology) a mare (dark surface of a celestial body, thought to appear like a sea)
  5. (calligraphy) in a (suzuri, inkstone), a reservoir where water is stored
    Synonym: (ike)
Usage notes edit

This is the most common general term in modern Japanese for sea or ocean.

Derived terms edit
Idioms edit

Proper noun edit

(うみ) (Umi

  1. a female given name

Further reading edit

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
うな
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
(kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese. Thought to be comprised of (u-, stem indicating “ocean) + (na, ancient alternative form of the possessive particle (no)).[5] The u- stem is also evident in (uo, fish) and (ushio, salt water; tide).

First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[5]

Pronunciation edit

Prefix edit

(うな) (una-

  1. of the sea, of the ocean
Derived terms edit

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
わた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
(kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese.

Probably related to Korean 바다 (bada, ocean, sea); perhaps an ancient Koreanic borrowing into Japanese.

Also read as wada.[6]

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

(わた) (wata

  1. (obsolete) sea, ocean
Derived terms edit

Etymology 4 edit

Kanji in this term

Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
(kyūjitai)

Either cognate with (mi, water), or an abbreviation of umi above.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

() (mi

  1. (obsolete) sea, ocean
Derived terms edit

Etymology 5 edit

Kanji in this term
かい
Grade: 2
on’yomi
Alternative spelling
(kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese (MC xojX).

Pronunciation edit

Affix edit

(かい) (kai

  1. sea; ocean

References edit

  1. ^ ”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024
  2. ^ ”, in 日本大百科全書:ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, Encyclopedia Nipponica)[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  4. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. 5.0 5.1 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 わた 【海】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, Nihon Kokugo Daijiten)  [3] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese (MC xojX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᄒᆡᆼ〯 (Yale: hǒy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[5] 바다〮 (Yale: pàtá) ᄒᆡ〯 (Yale: hǒy)

Pronunciation edit

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [hɛ(ː)] ~ [he̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 바다 (bada hae))

  1. Hanja form? of (sea; ocean). [affix]

Compounds edit

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [6]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

: Hán Việt readings: hải (()(cải)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: hẩy[1][2][3][6], hải[1][2][7][4], hái[1], hơi[1], hãi[2], hỏi[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of hải (sea; ocean).
  2. Nôm form of hẩy (to toss; to throw).

Compounds edit

References edit