Wiktionary

海

海 U+6D77, 海
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D77
← 浶
[U+6D76] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 浸 →
[U+6D78]

海 U+FA45, 海
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA45
← 梅
[U+FA44] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 渚 →
[U+FA46]
海 U+2F901, 海
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F901
← 派
[U+2F900] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 流 →
[U+2F902]

TranslingualEdit

Japanese 海
Simplified 海
Traditional 海
Stroke order
 

Alternative formsEdit

In Chinese, the bottom right component is 母 with 2 dots, yielding 海. In Japanese shinjitai, this component is simplified to 毋 (1 cross stroke), yielding 海 (氵+毎). Both forms are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint – see Han unification.

Han characterEdit

海 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+7 in Chinese and Korean, 水+6 in Japanese, 10 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水人田卜 (EOWY) or 水人田十 (EOWJ), four-corner 38157, composition ⿰氵每(GHTKV or U+FA45) or ⿰氵毎(J or U+2F901))

Derived charactersEdit

Further readingEdit

  • KangXi: page 625, character 14
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17450
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1023, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1627, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+6D77

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 海
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 海
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
     
Characters in the same phonetic series (母) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
脢 *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs
挴 *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ
海 *hmlɯːʔ
毐 *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ
呣 *mɯ
拇 *mɯʔ
母 *mɯʔ
胟 *mɯʔ
姆 *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ
畮 *mɯʔ
踇 *mɯʔ
苺 *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs
莓 *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs
敏 *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ
鰵 *mrɯŋʔ
慜 *mrɯŋʔ
毋 *ma
梅 *mɯː
酶 *mɯː
鋂 *mɯː
每 *mɯːʔ
毎 *mɯːs
痗 *mɯːs, *hmɯːs
晦 *hmɯːs
誨 *hmɯːs
悔 *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs
霉 *mrɯl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *hmlɯːʔ): semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).

EtymologyEdit

Probably related to 晦 (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”); in numerous Zhou texts 海 is described as 晦 (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the parallelism in Chinese: 溟 (OC *meːŋ, *meːŋʔ, “ocean”) < 冥 (OC *meːŋ, “dark”).

STEDT compares 海 (OC *hmlɯːʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”).

PronunciationEdit

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 海
Mandarin Beijing /xai²¹⁴/
Harbin /xai²¹³/
Tianjin /xai¹³/
Jinan /xɛ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /xɛ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /xai⁵³/
Xi'an /xai⁵³/
Xining /xɛ⁵³/
Yinchuan /xɛ⁵³/
Lanzhou /xɛ⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /xai⁵¹/
Wuhan /xai⁴²/
Chengdu /xai⁵³/
Guiyang /xai⁴²/
Kunming /xæ⁵³/
Nanjing /xae²¹²/
Hefei /xe̞²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /xai⁵³/
Pingyao /xæ⁵³/
Hohhot /xɛ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /he³⁵/
Suzhou /he̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /he̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /he³⁵/
Hui Shexian /xɛ³⁵/
Tunxi /xuə³¹/
Xiang Changsha /xai⁴¹/
Xiangtan /xai⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /hai²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hoi³¹/
Taoyuan /hoi³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔi³⁵/
Nanning /hɔi³⁵/
Hong Kong /hɔi³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hai⁵³/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /hai³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xuɛ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /hai⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /hai²¹³/
Rime
Character 海
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 呼改切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/hʌiX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/həiX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/xɒiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/həjX/
Li
Rong 		/xᴀiX/
Wang
Li 		/xɒiX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/xɑ̆iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hǎi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hoi2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 海
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hǎi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ xojX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-)
English sea

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 海
Reading # 1/1
No. 9283
Phonetic
component 		母
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		海
Old
Chinese 		/*hmlɯːʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

海

  1. sea; ocean
    好想去看海。  ―  Hǎo xiǎng qù kàn hǎi.  ―  I really want to go and look at the sea.
  2. big lake
    洱海  ―  Ěrhǎi  ―  Er Lake
  3. (Cantonese) wide river
  4. (of containers, amount, etc.) big; large
    海碗  ―  hǎiwǎn  ―  extra large bowl
    海量  ―  hǎiliàng  ―  huge amount
  5. overseas; abroad
    海棗／海枣  ―  hǎizǎo  ―  date palm
  6. (figurative) sea; abundance; infiniteness
    人海  ―  rénhǎi  ―  huge crowd
    火海  ―  huǒhǎi  ―  sea of flames
  7. (dialectal, colloquial) profuse; numerous
  8. (dialectal, colloquial) unrestrainedly; randomly; casually
  9. a surname. Hai (mainland China, Taiwan), Hoi (Hong Kong)
    海瑞  ―  Hǎi Ruì  ―  Hai Rui (Chinese scholar-official of the Ming dynasty)

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 海 (“sea”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 海
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 海
Mandarin Beijing 海
Taiwan 海
Jinan 海
Xi'an 海
Wuhan 海
Chengdu 海
Yangzhou 海
Hefei 海
Malaysia 海
Singapore 海
Cantonese Guangzhou 海
Hong Kong 海
Yangjiang 海
Gan Nanchang 海
Hakka Meixian 海
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 海
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 海
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 海
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 海
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 海
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 海
Jin Taiyuan 海
Min Bei Jian'ou 海
Min Dong Fuzhou 海
Min Nan Xiamen 海
Chaozhou 海
Wu Shanghai 海
Suzhou 海
Wenzhou 海
Xiang Changsha 海
Shuangfeng 海

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 海

DescendantsEdit

Sino-Xenic (海):
  • → Japanese: 海(かい) (kai)
  • → Korean: 해(海) (hae)
  • → Vietnamese: hải (海)

Others:

ReferencesEdit

JapaneseEdit

Shinjitai 海
Kyūjitai
[1]
海
&#xFA45;
or
海+&#xFE00;? 		 
海󠄀
海+&#xE0100;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
海󠄃
海+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

KanjiEdit

海

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 海)

  1. sea, ocean
  2. vastly gathered
  3. large, wide

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

Etymology 1Edit

Kanji in this term
海
うみ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
海 (kyūjitai)
 
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
 
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

⟨umi1⟩ → */umij/ → /umi/

From Old Japanese, theorized as descending from Proto-Japonic *omi.

Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:

This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo/ → /oː/ → /o/ → /u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, “flood”).
  • From う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form). The u- stem is evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”), and in the 海 (una) element in various ancient terms (see below).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

海(うみ) • (umi) 

  1. a sea, an ocean
    海(うみ)の中(なか)にはいろんな生(い)き物(もの)が暮(く)らしています。
    Umi no naka ni wa ironna ikimono ga kurashiteimasu.
    There are all sorts of creatures living in the sea.
    海(うみ)に行(い)こうよ！
    Umi ni ikō yo!
    Let's go to the beach!
    Antonym: 陸 (oka, riku)
  2. a lake
    Synonym: 湖 (mizuumi)
  3. (figurative) an object covering over a large area, as in 血の海 (chi no umi, “pool of blood”) or 火の海 (hi no umi, “sea of fire”)
  4. (planetology) a mare (dark surface of a celestial body, thought to appear like a sea)
  5. (calligraphy) in a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”), a reservoir where water is stored
    Synonym: 池 (ike)
Usage notesEdit

This is the most common general term in modern Japanese for sea or ocean.

Derived termsEdit
Derived terms
IdiomsEdit

Proper nounEdit

海(うみ) • (Umi) 

  1. a female given name

Further readingEdit

Etymology 2Edit

Kanji in this term
海
うな
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
海 (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese. Thought to be comprised of う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + な (na, ancient alternative form of possessive particle ⦃⦃ja-r¦の⦄⦄).[5] The u- stem is also evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”).

First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[5]

PronunciationEdit

PrefixEdit

海(うな) • (una-) 

  1. of the sea, of the ocean
Derived termsEdit
Derived terms

Etymology 3Edit

Kanji in this term
海
わた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
海 (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *wata. Probably related to Korean 바다 (bada, “ocean, sea”).

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

海(わた) • (wata) 

  1. (obsolete) sea, ocean
Derived termsEdit
Derived terms

Etymology 4Edit

Kanji in this term
海
み
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
海 (kyūjitai)

Either cognate with 水 (mi, “water”), or an abbreviation of umi above.

PronunciationEdit

NounEdit

海(み) • (mi) 

  1. (obsolete) sea, ocean
Derived termsEdit

Etymology 5Edit

Kanji in this term
海
かい
Grade: 2
on’yomi
Alternative spelling
海 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 海 (MC hʌiX).

PronunciationEdit

AffixEdit

海(かい) • (kai) 

  1. sea; ocean

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ “海”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎[1] (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015—2023
  2. ^ “海”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎[2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
  3. ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  4. ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 海 (MC hʌiX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᄒᆡᆼ〯 (Yale: hǒy)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] 바다〮 (Yale: pàtá) ᄒᆡ〯 (Yale: hǒy)

PronunciationEdit

  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [hɛ(ː)] ~ [he̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [해(ː)/헤(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

海 (eumhun 바다 해 (bada hae))

  1. Hanja form? of 해 (“sea; ocean”). [affix]

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

ReferencesEdit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

海: Hán Việt readings: hải (呼(hô)改(cải)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
海: Nôm readings: hẩy[1][2][3][6], hải[1][2][7][4], hái[1], hơi[1], hãi[2], hỏi[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of hải (“sea; ocean”).
  2. Nôm form of hẩy (“to toss; to throw”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Hồ (1976).
  7. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=海&oldid=71901378"