山
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TranslingualEdit
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Han characterEdit
山 (Kangxi radical 46, 山+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 山 (U), four-corner 22770, composition ⿶凵丨)
- Kangxi radical #46, ⼭.
Derived charactersEdit
- Appendix:Chinese radical/山
- 仙, 𭂈, 𠮿, 圸, 奾, 𢇢, 𢌚, 㢫, 𢩳, 汕, 𤜬, 辿, 杣, 𣧈, 灿, 𬍑, 𦘹, 疝, 𥐢, 秈, 籼, 𮈁, 𦔺, 舢, 𬟴, 訕(讪), 䟖, 赸, 軕(𫐅), 𨥉, 𩖞, 𩲀, 𬺘, 䴮
- 邖, 㰞, 㼘, 亗, 𡚴, 𢌲, 汖, 𭺱, 𡶤, 𭇝, 𠰛, 𫂳, 𦏿, 耑, 𦣟, 炭, 訔, 豈, 𤈹, 輋, 𧶑, 仚, 冚, 𭓞, 𭗼, 𬜡, 旵, 氙, 𤕏, 𤣶, 𬑭, 𦒴, 宻, 密, 𦰷, 喦, 𩫺, 𩲈, 𦷤
- 閊, 𠘳, 𡆯, 𧗣, 幽, 豳, 豐
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 307, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7869
- Dae Jaweon: page 604, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 759, character 11
- Unihan data for U+5C71
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
山 | |
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| alternative forms | 𠙸 𡶸 | |
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 山 | ||||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – three mountain peaks. In the Oracle Bone Script, they were represented by triangles rather than vertical strokes. Compare 丘 (qiū), particularly earlier forms.
EtymologyEdit
Unclear – cognates not known outside Sino-Bai. Cognate with Central Bai svrt (“mountain”) (< Proto-Bai *sro⁴).
Baxter and Sagart (2014) propose that it is derived from a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (“slope, nearly vertical side”) that also derives 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), 涯 (OC *ŋˤrar, “river bank”), 顏 (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”).
Starostin compares it with Kayan sʰôn (“mountain”).
PronunciationEdit
DefinitionsEdit
山
- (countable) mountain; hill (Classifier: 座 m c; 粒 mn)
- 登山 ― dēngshān ― to climb a mountain
- hill-shaped object
- 冰山 ― bīngshān ― iceberg
- bundled straw in which silkworms spin cocoons
- gable
- (Cantonese, Liuzhou Mandarin, Pinghua) tomb; grave (Classifier: 個／个 c)
- a surname. Shan
SynonymsEdit
See alsoEdit
CompoundsEdit
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- “山”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[5], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01100
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: せん (sen)
- Kan-on: さん (san, Jōyō)
- Kun: やま (yama, 山, Jōyō)
- Nanori: たか (taka); たかし (takashi); のぶ (nobu)
CompoundsEdit
- 山鶯 (san'ō)
- 山河 (sanka), 山河 (sanga)
- 山岳 (sangaku, “mountains”)
- 山号 (sangō)
- 山茶花 (sazanka)
- 山茱萸 (sanshuyu)
- 山神 (sanjin)
- 山水 (sansui, “landscape”)
- 山川 (sansen, “mountains and rivers”)
- 山草 (sansō)
- 山茶 (sancha, “tea made in the mountains”)
- 山頂 (sanchō, “mountaintop”)
- 山巓 (santen) 山顚 (santen)
- 山道 (sandō)
- 山脈 (sanmyaku)
- 山門 (sanmon)
- 山路 (sanro, “mountain path”)
- 山麓 (sanroku)
- 山道 (sendō)
- 須弥山 (Shumisen), 須弥山 (Sumisen)
- 一山 (issan)
- 遠山 (enzan)
- 海山 (kaizan)
- 開山 (kaisan)
- 火山 (kazan, “volcano”)
- 金山 (kinzan)
- 険山 (kenzan), 嶮山 (kenzan)
- 鉱山 (kōzan)
- 高山 (kōzan)
- 深山 (shinzan)
- 青山 (seizan)
- 雪山 (sessan), 雪山 (setsuzan)
- 全山 (zenzan)
- 大山 (taizan), 太山 (taizan)
- 大山 (Daisen)
- 銅山 (dōzan)
- 登山 (tozan, “mountain climbing, mountaineering”)
- 氷山 (hyōzan, “iceberg”)
- 風林火山 (fūrinkazan)
- 満山 (manzan)
- 遊山 (yusan)
- 山梔子 (kuchinashi)
- 山車 (dashi)
- 山茶 (tsubaki)
- 廃山 (haizan)
- 山毛欅 (buna)
- 本山 (honzan)
- 山羊 (yagi)
- 山桜桃 (yusuraume), 山桜桃 (yusura)
- 山葵 (wasabi, “wasabi”)
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 山 |
| やま Grade: 1 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. First cited in the Kojiki of 712.[1]
Reconstructed as deriving in turn from Proto-Japonic *yama (“forest; mountain”).
PronunciationEdit
Audio (file)
NounEdit
- a mountain (large mass of earth and rock) or (large) hill
- a mine (excavation usually consisting of small tunnels)
- Synonym: 鉱山 (kōzan)
- a heap, pile
- the top or high part of an object
- a climax, peak
- a chance, gamble
- a guess, speculation
- a crime, criminal case
- mountain climbing, mountaineering
- Synonym: 山登り (yamanobori)
- Short for 山鉾 (yamaboko): a festival float usually decorated with a 鉾 (hoko)
- (colloquial) Mount Hiei and/or Enryaku-ji
- Antonym: 寺 (tera)
- (mahjong) a wall, wall tile
- (informal) the △ symbol as used to mark what needs to be reviewed in study
Derived termsEdit
- 山山 (yamayama), 山々 (yamayama)
- 山火事 (yama kaji)
- 山神 (yamagami)
- 山川 (yamakawa), 山川 (yamagawa)
- 山傷 (yamakizu), 山疵 (yamakizu)
- 山草 (yamakusa)
- 山国 (yamaguni, “mountainous country”)
- 山越えて (yama koete, pillow word)
- 山代 (Yamashiro)
- 山城 (Yamashiro)
- 山千 (yamasen)
- 山眠る (yama nemuru)
- 山人 (yamabito, “mountain people”)
- 山吹 (yamabuki, “Japanese yellow rose”)
- 山伏 (yamabushi, “mountain hermit”)
- 山道 (yamamichi)
- 山持ち (yamamochi)
- 山本 (Yamamoto)
- 山粧う (yama yosōu)
- 山笑う (yama warau)
- 青山 (aoyama)
- 明山 (akiyama)
- 秋山 (akiyama)
- 後山 (atoyama), 跡山 (atoyama)
- 石山 (ishiyama)
- 妹背山 (imose yama)
- 妹山 (imoyama)
- 入らず山 (irazu yama)
- 岩山 (iwayama)
- 姨捨山 (ubasute yama), 姥捨山 (ubasute yama)
- 海千山千 (umisen yamasen)
- 海山 (umiyama)
- 裏山 (urayama)
- 大江山 (Ōe-yama)
- 大山 (ōyama, “big mountain”)
- 奥山 (okuyama)
- 小山 (Oyama)
- 折山 (oriyama), 折り山 (oriyama)
- 肩山 (katayama)
- 金山 (kanayama)
- 枯れ山 (kareyama)
- 黒山 (kuroyama, “black mountain”)
- 小山 (koyama, “small mountain”)
- 先山 (sakiyama), 前山 (sakiyama)
- 里山 (satoyama, “satoyama”)
- 死出の山 (shide no yama)
- 芝山 (shibayama)
- 柴山 (shibayama)
- 島山 (shimayama)
- 地山 (jiyama)
- 新山 (shin'yama)
- 裾山 (susoyama)
- 砂山 (sunayama)
- 関の山 (seki no yama)
- 背山 (seyama), 兄山 (seyama)
- 袖山 (sodeyama)
- 杣山 (somayama)
- 高山 (takayama)
- 出し山 (dashiyama)
- 立て山 (tateyama)
- 手向け山 (tamuke-yama)
- 築山 (tsukiyama)
- 剣の山 (tsuruginoyama)
- 遠山 (tōyama)
- 床山 (tokoyama)
- 留山 (tomeyama)
- 外山 (toyama)
- 夏山 (natsuyama)
- 新山 (Nīyama)
- ねじ山 (nejiyama), 螺子山 (nejiyama)
- 野山 (noyama)
- 禿げ山 (hageyama)
- 裸山 (hadakayama)
- 端山 (hayama)
- 針の山 (hari no yama)
- 針山 (hariyama)
- 春山 (haruyama)
- 引山 (hikiyama), 引き山 (hikiyama)
- 曳き山 (hikiyama)
- 一山 (hitoyama)
- 人山 (hitoyama)
- 冬山 (fuyuyama)
- 坊主山 (bōzu-yama)
- ぼた山 (botayama)
- 深山 (miyama)
- 焼け山 (yakeyama)
- 痩せ山 (yaseyama)
- 四方山 (yomoyama)
- 夕山 (yūyama)
- 雪山 (yukiyama)
- 黄泉 (yomi, “land of the dead, underworld”)
- やおい (yaoi)
IdiomsEdit
- 山が当たる (yama ga ataru)
- 山が見える (yama ga mieru)
- 山高く水長し (yama takaku mizu nagashi)
- 山高ければ谷深し (yama takakereba tani fukashi)
- 山なす (yama nasu)
- 山に千年海に千年 (yama ni sennen umi ni sennen)
- 山を当てる (yama o ateru)
- 山を掛ける (yama o kakeru)
- 山を越す (yama o kosu)
- 山を立てる (yama o tateru)
- 山を止める (yama o tomeru)
- 山をなす (yama o nasu)
- 山を張る (yama o haru)
- 山を踏む (yama o fumu)
- 塵も積もれば山となる (chiri mo tsumoreba yama to naru)
ProverbsEdit
- 山高きが故に貴からず (yama takaki ga yue ni tattokarazu)
- 山と言えば川 (yama to ieba kawa)
- 山に躓かずして垤に躓く (yama ni tsumazukazu shite tetsu ni tsumazuku)
- 山を鋳、海を煮る (yama o i, umi o niru)
- 山を抜く (yama o nuku)
PrefixEdit
Derived termsEdit
CounterEdit
- counter for number of stock rise and fall like a mountain (Can we verify(+) this sense?)
- counter for number of mountains, forests and/or mines
Derived termsEdit
- 一山 (hitoyama)
Proper nounEdit
- a surname
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 山 |
| さん Grade: 1 |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 山 (MC ʃˠɛn).
Sometimes spelled with rendaku (連濁), as -zan.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
Derived termsEdit
AffixEdit
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 山 |
| むれ Grade: 1 |
| irregular |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 牟礼 |
From Old Japanese, itself apparently a borrowing from Old Korean.[2][4][5] See Korean 뫼 (moe) for more.
The phonetic man'yōgana spelling 牟礼 for mure appears first in the Kojiki of 720, but instead for the stem of verb 群れる (mureru, “to group together”).[6] The first instance of this spelling for the mountain sense is in the Heian period, in different 日本書紀私記 (Nihon Shoki Shiki) versions, themselves recompilations of the Nihon Shoki.[4] This reading with this sense apparently arises from the traditional 訓読 (kundoku) of a particular section of the Nihon Shoki, where the written word 山 is read as mure with an apparent meaning of mountain or hill.[4][7]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
- (historical, Ancient Korea) mountain, hill
- Synonyms: (general term) 山 (yama, “mountain”), (general term) 丘 (oka, “hill”)
ReferencesEdit
- ^ “山”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 “牟礼・山”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- ^ “山”, in デジタル大辞泉 (Dejitaru Daijisen)[3] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months
- ^ “群”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[4] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, entry online here
KikaiEdit
KanjiEdit
山
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.
NounEdit
KoreanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Chinese 山 (MC ʃˠɛn). Recorded as Middle Korean 산 (san) (Yale: san) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
HanjaEdit
CompoundsEdit
- 강산 (江山, gangsan, “rivers and mountains”)
- 등산 (登山, deungsan, “mountain climbing, mountaineering”)
- 산달 (山獺, sandal, “raccoon dog”)
- 산림 (山林, sallim, “mountain forest”)
- 산맥 (山脈, sanmaek, “mountain range”)
- 산양 (山羊, sanyang, “goat”)
- 산주인 (山主人, sanju'in, “tiger”)
- 설산 (雪山, seolsan, “snow-capped mountain”)
- 요산요수 (樂山樂水, yosanyosu)
- 월월산산 (月月山山, worwolsansan)
- 화산 (火山, hwasan, “volcano”)
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [6]
KunigamiEdit
KanjiEdit
山
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.
NounEdit
MiyakoEdit
KanjiEdit
山
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.
NounEdit
Northern Amami-OshimaEdit
KanjiEdit
山
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.
NounEdit
Oki-No-ErabuEdit
KanjiEdit
山
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.
NounEdit
OkinawanEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.
NounEdit
Old JapaneseEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Japonic *yama.
NounEdit
山 (yama) (kana やま)
- a mountain
- a forested area of a mountain for harvesting, hunting, etc.
DescendantsEdit
- Japanese: 山 (yama)
Etymology 2Edit
Borrowed from Old Korean.[2][3]
Compare Middle Korean 뫼 (mwoy).
Alternative formsEdit
NounEdit
山 (mure) (kana むれ)
- a hill or mountain
- 720, Nihon Shoki (Empress Jingū, entry 19: 49th year of the second month, spring)
- 唯千熊長彥與百濟王、至于百濟國、登辟支山盟之、復登古沙山、共居磐石上。
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 720, Nihon Shoki (Empress Jingū, entry 19: 49th year of the second month, spring)
Usage notesEdit
No known Early Middle Japanese dictionaries attest the mure spelling phonetically, the earliest being found in the Mito-bon Hei Nihongi Shiki (1678).
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Paula Doe; Yakamochi Ōtomo (1982) A Warbler's Song in the Dusk: The Life and Work of Ōtomo Yakamochi (718-785), illustrated edition, University of California Press, →ISBN, page 106
- ^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Southern Amami-OshimaEdit
KanjiEdit
山
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.
NounEdit
Toku-No-ShimaEdit
KanjiEdit
山
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.
NounEdit
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
山: Hán Việt readings: sơn[1][2][3], san[3]
山: Nôm readings: sơn[1][2], san[2][4]
CompoundsEdit
ReferencesEdit
YaeyamaEdit
KanjiEdit
山
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.
NounEdit
YonaguniEdit
KanjiEdit
山
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.
NounEdit
YoronEdit
KanjiEdit
山
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Ryukyuan *yama.