芝

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

芝 (radical 140, 艸+3, 7 strokes in traditional Chinese, 6 strokes in mainland China and Japanese and Korean, cangjie input 廿戈弓人 (TINO), four-corner 4430₇, composition ⿱艹之)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1019, character 15
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30699
Dae Jaweon: page 1477, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3176, character 5
Unihan data for U+829D

ChineseEdit

trad.		芝
simp. ^#		芝
alternative forms		𦭩

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 芝
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (之) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
之	*tjɯ
芝	*tjɯ
志	*tjɯs
痣	*tjɯs
娡	*tjɯs
誌	*tjɯs
蚩	*tʰjɯ
妛	*tʰjɯ
嗤	*tʰjɯ
媸	*tʰjɯ
旹	*djɯ
滍	*diʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *tjɯ): semantic 艹 (“grass”) + phonetic 之 (OC *tjɯ) – a type of plant.

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): zhī (zhi¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄓ

(Chengdu, SP): zi¹
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): zi¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): zi¹
Gan (Wiktionary): zi¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chṳ̂
Jin (Wiktionary): zi¹
Min Bei (KCR): cí
Min Dong (BUC): ciĕ
Min Nan (POJ): chi
Wu (Wiktionary): tsr (T1)
Xiang (Wiktionary): zhr¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: zhī
  - Zhuyin: ㄓ
  - Wade–Giles: chih¹
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jy
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhih
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: zi¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: z
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zi¹
  - Yale: jī
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzi¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ji¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siː⁵⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: zi¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡si³³/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: zi¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩⁴²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chṳ̂
  - Hakka Romanization System: zii´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zi¹
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sɨ²⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zi¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡sz̩¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: cí
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡si⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ciĕ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sie⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chi
  - Tâi-lô: tsi
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cy
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡ɕi⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕi³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡ɕi⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡ɕi⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕi⁴⁴/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: tsr (T1)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sz̩⁵³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: zhr¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩³³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /t͡sz̩³³/

Middle Chinese: /t͡ɕɨ/

Rime
Character	芝
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	止而切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨ/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕɨ/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕie/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cɨ/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiə/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭə/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhī
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zi¹

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*tjɯ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	芝
Reading #	1/1
No.	17189
Phonetic component	之
Rime group	之
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	之
Old Chinese	/*tjɯ/

DefinitionsEdit

芝

lingzhi
Alternative form of 芷.
A surname.

CompoundsEdit

芝麻官 (zhīmaguān)
芝麻小事
芝麻油 (zhīmayóu)
芝麻灣／芝麻湾 (Zhīmawān)
芝麻秸
芝麻糊 (zhīmahù)
芝麻綠豆／芝麻绿豆
芝麻醬／芝麻酱 (zhīmajiàng)
鄭芝龍／郑芝龙
野芝麻
雲芝／云芝
靈芝／灵芝 (língzhī)
龍芝茶／龙芝茶

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

芝

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

turf, lawn, grass

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: し (shi)
Kan-on: し (shi)
Kun: しば (shiba, 芝, Jōyō); しざま (shizama)
Nanori: こげ (koge); しは (shiha); しば (shiba); しはざき (shihazaki); しばさき (shibasaki); しばざき (shibazaki); しばたか (shibataka)

Etymology 1Edit

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

芝

Wikipedia ^ja

芝: common grass, especially as found in lawns.

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Grass

Wikipedia

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Lawn

Wikipedia

From Old Japanese. One of the oldest attested words in the Japanese language, used in the Man'yōshū and Nihon Shoki.

This character usually means a type of fungus in Chinese. However, it was also used phonetically in 芝麻 (*chimæ, “sesame”) (modern Mandarin 芝麻 (zhīmá)), and it seems that the Japanese use of this character for the sense of grass may have come from this sesame sense in Chinese.

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) しば [shìbá] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ɕiba̠]

NounEdit

芝(しば) • (shiba)

grass, turf
芝付乃御宇良佐伎奈流根都古具佐安比見受安良婆安礼古非米夜母。^[2]

芝(しば)付(つき)の　御宇良崎(みうらさき)なる　ねつこ草(ぐさ)　相見(あひみ)ずあらば　我(あ)れ恋(こ)ひめやも。
Shibatsukino miurasakinaru netsukogusa ahimizuaraba arekohimeyamo.
The anemone flowers on grassy Miura Point; if we hadn't seen each other, I probably wouldn't be so in love.
short for 芝見 (shibami): hiding in the grass and spying on one's enemies or scouting out the situation; a spy in the grass

Derived termsEdit

Derived terms

芝(しば)草(くさ) (shibakusa): longer form of 芝(しば) (shiba)
芝(しば)居(い) (shibai)
芝(しば)屋(や) (shibaya): archaic synonym of 芝(しば)居(い) (shibai)
芝(しば)生(ふ) (shibafu)
芝(しば)地(ち) (shibachi): synonym of 芝(しば)生(ふ) (shibafu)
芝(しば)芋(いも) (shibaimo)
芝(しば)引(ひき) (shibahiki)
芝(しば)浦(うら) (shibaura)
芝(しば)浜(はま) (shibahama): synonym of 芝(しば)浦(うら) (shibaura), or a type of rakugo
芝(しば)火(び) (shibabi)
芝(しば)蝦(えび), 芝(しば)海(え)老(び) (shiba ebi)
芝(しば)刈(かり) (shiba kari)
芝(しば)刈(かり)機(き) (shiba kariki)
芝(しば)起(おこし) (shiba okoshi)
芝(しば)の砌(みぎり) (shiba no migiri)
芝(しば)居(い)唄(うた) (shibai uta)
芝(しば)居(い)絵(え) (shibai e)
芝(しば)居(い)掛(がかり) (shibaigakari)
芝(しば)居(い)気(ぎ) (shibaigi), 芝(しば)居(い)気(げ) (shibaige)
芝(しば)居(い)心(ごころ) (shibaigokoro): synonym of 芝(しば)居(い)気(ぎ) (shibaigi)
芝(しば)居(い)座(ざ) (shibaiza)
芝(しば)居(い)子(こ) (shibaiko)
芝(しば)居(い)者(もの) (shibai mono)
芝(しば)居(い)酒(さか)盛(もり) (shibai sakamori), 芝(しば)酒(さか)盛(もり) (shiba sakamori)
芝(しば)居(い)小(ご)屋(や) (shibaigoya)
芝(しば)居(い)染(じ)みる (shibaijimiru)
芝(しば)居(い)銭(せん) (shibaisen)
芝(しば)居(い)茶(ぢゃ)屋(や) (shibaijaya)
芝(しば)居(い)町(まち) (shibai machi)
芝(しば)居(い)唐(とう)人(じん) (shibai tōjin)
芝(しば)居(い)鳶(とんび) (shibai tonbi)
芝(しば)居(い)番(ばん)付(づけ) (shibai banzuke)
芝(しば)居(い)話(ばなし) (shibaibanashi)
芝(しば)魚(ざかな), 芝(しば)肴(ざかな) (shibazakana)
芝(しば)競(くらべ) (shiba kurabe)

芝(しば)繋(つなぎ) (shiba tsunagi)
芝(しば)見(み) (shibami)
芝(しば)原(はら) (shibahara)
芝(しば)公(こう)園(えん) (shiba kōen)
芝(しば)采(ざい) (shibazai)
芝(しば)菜(な) (shibana)
芝(しば)桜(ざくら) (shibazakura)
芝(しば)山(やま) (shibayama)
芝(しば)山(やま)古(こ)墳(ふん)群(ぐん) (Shibayama Kofun-gun): a group of kofun tombs in Chiba Prefecture
芝(しば)煮(に) (shibani)
芝(しば)手(て) (shibate)
芝(しば)手(ちょう)水(ず) (shibachōzu)
芝(しば)焼(やき) (shibayaki): synonym of 野(の)焼(やき) (noyaki)
芝(しば)大(だい)神(じん)宮(ぐう) (Shiba Daijingū)
芝(しば)神(しん)明(めい) (Shiba Shinmei): synonym of 芝(しば)大(だい)神(じん)宮(ぐう) (Shiba Daijingū)
芝(しば)神(しん)明(めい)祭(まつり) (Shiba Shinmei Matsuri)
芝(しば)菅(すげ) (shibasuge)
芝(しば)摺(すり) (shibasuri)
芝(しば)切(きり) (shibakiri)
芝(しば)切(きり)神(しん)事(じ) (Shibakiri Shinji)
芝(しば)全(ぜん)交(こう) (Shiba Zenkō)
芝(しば)祐(すけ)泰(ひろ) (Shiba Sukehiro)
芝(しば)打(うち) (shiba uchi)
芝(しば)打(うち)長(なが) (shiba uchinaga)
芝(しば)茸(たけ) (shibatake): synonym of 網(あみ)茸(たけ) (amitake), a type of mushroom
芝(しば)築(つい)地(じ) (shibatsuiji)
芝(しば)田(でん)楽(がく) (shiba dengaku)
芝(しば)土(ど)居(い) (shiba doi)
芝(しば)突(つき) (shibatsuki)
芝(しば)能(のう) (Shiba Nō): synonym of 薪(たきぎ)能(のう) (Takigi Nō), a type of Noh play
芝(しば)派(は) (shibaha)
芝(しば)野(の) (shibano)
芝(しば)矢(や) (shibaya)
芝(し)蘭(らん)堂(どう) (Shirandō): an academy of Western learning in the late Edo period
芝(しば)離(り)宮(きゅう) (Shiba Rikyū): an imperial villa, formerly located on the shores of the bay in Minato-ku, Tōkyō, later converted into a park
芝(しば)露(つゆ) (shiba tsuyu): dew on grass

Proper nounEdit

芝(しば) • (Shiba)

A surname.

VerbEdit

芝(しば)する • (shiba suru) suru (stem 芝(しば)し (shiba shi), past 芝(しば)した (shiba shita))

short for 芝見 (shibami): to hide in the grass and spy on one's enemies or scout out the situation

ConjugationEdit

Conjugation of "芝する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	芝し	しばし	shiba shi
Continuative (連用形)	芝し	しばし	shiba shi
Terminal (終止形)	芝する	しばする	shiba suru
Attributive (連体形)	芝する	しばする	shiba suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	芝すれ	しばすれ	shiba sure
Imperative (命令形)	芝せよ¹ 芝しろ²	しばせよ¹ しばしろ²	shiba seyo¹ shiba shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	芝される	しばされる	shiba sareru
Causative	芝させる芝さす	しばさせるしばさす	shiba saseru shiba sasu
Potential	芝できる	しばできる	shiba dekiru
Volitional	芝しよう	しばしよう	shiba shiyō
Negative	芝しない	しばしない	shiba shinai
Negative continuative	芝せず	しばせず	shiba sezu
Formal	芝します	しばします	shiba shimasu
Perfective	芝した	しばした	shiba shita
Conjunctive	芝して	しばして	shiba shite
Hypothetical conditional	芝すれば	しばすれば	shiba sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Etymology 2Edit

Compound of し (shi, adjectival ending) +‎ 様 (sama, “kind, type”).^[3] The sama changes to zama as an instance of rendaku (連濁). The kanji 芝 was used as an ateji, probably based on its on'yomi of shi.

PronunciationEdit

Kun'yomi
IPA^(key): [ɕiza̠ma̠]

NounEdit

芝(しざま) • (shizama)

(grammar, obsolete) “shi-type”, referring to the i adjective in Japanese grammar, specifically the ク活用 (ku katsuyō, “ku inflection”), corresponding to modern Japanese adjectives ending in -i but not -shii
This is the nomenclature used in the grammar devised by 富士谷成章 (Fujitani Nariakira), a classical Japanese scholar and grammarian in the middle Edo period. Modern i adjectives still had the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) ending in -shi in the mid-Edo period, hence Fujitani's description of these as the “shi-type” of adjective.

Etymology 3Edit

From Middle Chinese 芝 (*chi). Compare modern Mandarin 芝 (zhī).

PronunciationEdit

On'yomi
IPA^(key): [ɕi]

AffixEdit

芝(し) • (shi)

the 万年茸 (mannentake) mushroom

Derived termsEdit

Derived terms

芝翫下駄 (しかんげた, Shikan geta): a type of geta sandal popular in the Edo period
芝翫縞 (しかんじま, Shikanjima): a particular striped pattern for kimono, popular in the Edo period
芝翫茶 (しかんちゃ, Shikan cha): a color for dying cloth, a slightly reddish-purple shade of chestnut
芝仙延年 (しせんえんねん, shisen ennen): a theme for traditional painting in China, Korea, and Japan, depicting the 万年茸 (mannentake) mushroom, pines, and rocky crags
芝仙祝寿 (しせんしゅくじゅ, shisen shukuju): a theme for traditional painting in China, Korea, and Japan, depicting the 万年茸 (mannentake) mushroom, cranes (the birds), bamboo, and plum trees
芝草 (しそう, shisō): alternate for 万年茸 (mannentake), a type of mushroom
芝眉 (しび, shibi): an honorific term for referring to someone else's face
芝蘭 (しらん, shiran): fragrant grass; (metaphorically) an excellent person

霊芝 (れいし, reishi): alternate for 万年茸 (mannentake), a type of mushroom

Etymology 4Edit

Used as ateji in various surnames.

ReferencesEdit

^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
^ c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3508); [1]
^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

芝 • (ji) (hangeul 지, revised ji, McCune–Reischauer chi, Yale ci)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

芝: Hán Nôm readings: chi

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[NHK-1] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[2] . 759, Man'yōshū (book 14, poem 3508); [1]

[KDJ-3] 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

[1]

[2]

[3]