peer
EnglishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English piren (“to peer”), from or related to Saterland Frisian pierje (“to look”), Dutch Low Saxon piren (“to look”), West Flemish pieren (“to look with narrowed eyes, squint at”), Dutch pieren (“to look closely at, examine”), which could all be related to the root of English blear. Or, possibly from a shortening of appear.
PronunciationEdit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /pɪə/
- (General American) enPR: pîr, IPA(key): /pɪɹ/
Audio (US) (file) - Rhymes: -ɪə(ɹ)
- Homophone: pier
VerbEdit
peer (third-person singular simple present peers, present participle peering, simple past and past participle peered)
- (intransitive) To look with difficulty, or as if searching for something.
- c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:
- […] I should be still
Plucking the grass, to know where sits the wind,
Peering in maps for ports, and piers, and roads;
- 1798, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in Lyrical Ballads, London: J. & A. Arch, Part III, p. 17,[1]
- And strait the Sun was fleck’d with bars
- (Heaven’s mother send us grace)
- As if thro’ a dungeon grate he peer’d
- With broad and burning face.
- 1900, Charles W. Chesnutt, The House Behind the Cedars, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, Chapter I, p. 10,[2]
- He walked slowly past the gate and peered through a narrow gap in the cedar hedge. The girl was moving along a sanded walk, toward a gray, unpainted house, with a steep roof, broken by dormer windows.
- 1912 October, Edgar Rice Burroughs, “Tarzan of the Apes”, in The All-Story, New York, N.Y.: Frank A. Munsey Co., →OCLC; republished as chapter 6, in Tarzan of the Apes, New York, N.Y.: A. L. Burt Company, 1914, →OCLC, page 65:
- He would peek into the curtained windows, or, climbing upon the roof, peer down the black depths of the chimney in vain endeavor to solve the unknown wonders that lay within those strong walls.
- (intransitive, obsolete) To come in sight; to appear.
- c. 1590–1592 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Taming of the Shrew”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene iii]:
- And as the sun breaks through the darkest clouds,
So honour peereth in the meanest habit.
- 1611, Ben[jamin] Jonson, Catiline His Conspiracy, London: […] [William Stansby?] for Walter Burre, →OCLC, Act III:
- See, how his gorget peeres aboue his gowne;
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
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NounEdit
peer (plural peers)
- A look; a glance.
- 1970, William Crookes, T. A. Malone, George Shadbolt, The British journal of photography (volume 117, page 58)
- Blessed are those organisers who provide one-and-all with a name tag, for then the participants will chat together. A quick peer at your neighbour's lapel is much the simplest way to become introduced […]
- 1970, William Crookes, T. A. Malone, George Shadbolt, The British journal of photography (volume 117, page 58)
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle English pere, per, from Anglo-Norman peir, Old French per, from Latin pār. Doublet of pair and par.
PronunciationEdit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /pɪə/
- (General American) enPR: pîr, IPA(key): /pɪɹ/
Audio (US) (file) - Rhymes: -ɪə(ɹ)
- Homophone: pier
NounEdit
peer (plural peers)
- Somebody who is, or something that is, at a level or of a value equal (to that of something else).
- 1700, [John] Dryden, “The Cock and the Fox: Or, The Tale of the Nun’s Priest, from Chaucer”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:
- In song he never had his peer.
- 1832, [Isaac Taylor], Saturday Evening. […], London: Holdsworth and Ball, →OCLC:
- Shall they draw off to their privileged quarters, and consort only with their peers?
- Someone who is approximately the same age (as someone else).
- A noble with a title, i.e., a peerage, and in times past, with certain rights and privileges not enjoyed by commoners.
- a peer of the realm
- 1646 (indicated as 1645), John Milton, “Comus”, in Poems of Mr. John Milton, […], London: […] Ruth Raworth for Humphrey Mosely, […], →OCLC:
- a noble peer of mickle trust and power
- A comrade; a companion; an associate.
- 1590, Edmund Spenser, “Book I, Canto V”, in The Faerie Queene. […], London: […] [John Wolfe] for William Ponsonbie, →OCLC, stanza 37:
- He all his Peeres in beautie did surpas,
TranslationsEdit
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- The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
VerbEdit
peer (third-person singular simple present peers, present participle peering, simple past and past participle peered)
- To make equal in rank.
- 1670, Peter Heylyn, Aerius Redivivus:
- Being now Peered with the Lord Chancellor, and the Earl of Essex.
- (Internet) To carry communications traffic terminating on one's own network on an equivalency basis to and from another network, usually without charge or payment. Contrast with transit where one pays another network provider to carry one's traffic.
Derived termsEdit
Related termsEdit
- peer assessment
- peer review, peer reviewed
- peer pressure
- peerless
- the Peers
Etymology 3Edit
PronunciationEdit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /piː.ə/
- (General American) enPR: pîr, IPA(key): /pi.ɚ/
NounEdit
peer (plural peers)
- (informal) Someone who pees, someone who urinates.
- 1999 August 22, “Re: Swimming after eating”, in alt.folklore.urban, Usenet[3]:
- As was the caveat about peeing in a pool. Of course, peeing in a pool wasn't dangerous to the person ... If you peed in a pool, and you were carrying the polio virus, presumably *other* people were put at risk, not the peer (pee-er?).
- 2000 August 29, “Re: 32 month old urinating in his room! HELP!”, in alt.parenting.solutions, Usenet[4]:
- SOunds[sic] like you've already broken him quite well, if he's peeing when disciplined. Pretty sad. He's not a dog, not that treating a dog like this is any better either. You've turned your child into a submissive peer.
AnagramsEdit
AfrikaansEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Dutch peer, from Middle Dutch pēre, from Vulgar Latin *pira, from Latin pirum.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
peer (plural pere)
DutchEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Dutch pēre, from Vulgar Latin *pira, from Latin pirum.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
peer f (plural peren, diminutive peertje n)
- A pear, a fruit of the pear tree.
- A light bulb.
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
NounEdit
peer m (plural peren, diminutive peertje n)
- A pear tree, Pyrus communis.
- 1911, H. Heukels, Kennis Der Natuur A. Leerboek der dierkunde, plantkunde en natuurkunde voor a.s. onderwijzers, vol. II "dierkunde", page 77.
- Bij den peer zijn de bloemen wit en iets kleiner dan bij den appel.
- (please add an English translation of this quote)
- 1911, H. Heukels, Kennis Der Natuur A. Leerboek der dierkunde, plantkunde en natuurkunde voor a.s. onderwijzers, vol. II "dierkunde", page 77.
AnagramsEdit
Middle EnglishEdit
NounEdit
peer
- Alternative form of pere (“peer”)
AdjectiveEdit
peer
- Alternative form of pere (“equal”)
ScotsEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Middle English pere (“pear”), from Old English pere, peru, from Vulgar Latin *pira, from Latin pirum.
NounEdit
peer (plural peers)
- pear (fruit)
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Middle English piren (“to peer”).
VerbEdit
peer (third-person singular simple present peers, present participle peerin, simple past peert, past participle peert)
- To peer.
SpanishEdit
EtymologyEdit
Inherited from Latin pēdere, pēdō, from Proto-Italic *pezdō from Proto-Indo-European *pesd-.
PronunciationEdit
VerbEdit
peer (first-person singular present peo, first-person singular preterite peí, past participle peído)
- to break wind, to fart
- (reflexive) to break wind; fart
ConjugationEdit
infinitive | peer | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | peyendo | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | peído | peída | |||||
plural | peídos | peídas | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | peo | peestú peésvos |
pee | peemos | peéis | peen | |
imperfect | peía | peías | peía | peíamos | peíais | peían | |
preterite | peí | peíste | peyó | peímos | peísteis | peyeron | |
future | peeré | peerás | peerá | peeremos | peeréis | peerán | |
conditional | peería | peerías | peería | peeríamos | peeríais | peerían | |
subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | pea | peastú peásvos2 |
pea | peamos | peáis | pean | |
imperfect (ra) |
peyera | peyeras | peyera | peyéramos | peyerais | peyeran | |
imperfect (se) |
peyese | peyeses | peyese | peyésemos | peyeseis | peyesen | |
future1 | peyere | peyeres | peyere | peyéremos | peyereis | peyeren | |
imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
affirmative | peetú peévos |
pea | peamos | peed | pean | ||
negative | no peas | no pea | no peamos | no peáis | no pean |
These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.
singular | plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
with infinitive peer | |||||||
dative | peerme | peerte | peerle, peerse | peernos | peeros | peerles, peerse | |
accusative | peerme | peerte | peerlo, peerla, peerse | peernos | peeros | peerlos, peerlas, peerse | |
with gerund peyendo | |||||||
dative | peyéndome | peyéndote | peyéndole, peyéndose | peyéndonos | peyéndoos | peyéndoles, peyéndose | |
accusative | peyéndome | peyéndote | peyéndolo, peyéndola, peyéndose | peyéndonos | peyéndoos | peyéndolos, peyéndolas, peyéndose | |
with informal second-person singular tú imperative pee | |||||||
dative | péeme | péete | péele | péenos | not used | péeles | |
accusative | péeme | péete | péelo, péela | péenos | not used | péelos, péelas | |
with informal second-person singular vos imperative peé | |||||||
dative | peeme | peete | peele | peenos | not used | peeles | |
accusative | peeme | peete | peelo, peela | peenos | not used | peelos, peelas | |
with formal second-person singular imperative pea | |||||||
dative | péame | not used | péale, péase | péanos | not used | péales | |
accusative | péame | not used | péalo, péala, péase | péanos | not used | péalos, péalas | |
with first-person plural imperative peamos | |||||||
dative | not used | peámoste | peámosle | peámonos | peámoos | peámosles | |
accusative | not used | peámoste | peámoslo, peámosla | peámonos | peámoos | peámoslos, peámoslas | |
with informal second-person plural imperative peed | |||||||
dative | peedme | not used | peedle | peednos | peeos | peedles | |
accusative | peedme | not used | peedlo, peedla | peednos | peeos | peedlos, peedlas | |
with formal second-person plural imperative pean | |||||||
dative | péanme | not used | péanle | péannos | not used | péanles, péanse | |
accusative | péanme | not used | péanlo, péanla | péannos | not used | péanlos, péanlas, péanse |
infinitive | peerse | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | peyéndose | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | peído | peída | |||||
plural | peídos | peídas | |||||
singular | plural | ||||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
personal non-finite | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
infinitive | peerme | peerte | peerse | peernos | peeros | peerse | |
gerund | peyéndome | peyéndote | peyéndose | peyéndonos | peyéndoos | peyéndose | |
indicative | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | me peo | te peestú te peésvos |
se pee | nos peemos | os peéis | se peen | |
imperfect | me peía | te peías | se peía | nos peíamos | os peíais | se peían | |
preterite | me peí | te peíste | se peyó | nos peímos | os peísteis | se peyeron | |
future | me peeré | te peerás | se peerá | nos peeremos | os peeréis | se peerán | |
conditional | me peería | te peerías | se peería | nos peeríamos | os peeríais | se peerían | |
subjunctive | yo | tú vos |
él/ella/ello usted |
nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ellos/ellas ustedes | |
present | me pea | te peastú te peásvos2 |
se pea | nos peamos | os peáis | se pean | |
imperfect (ra) |
me peyera | te peyeras | se peyera | nos peyéramos | os peyerais | se peyeran | |
imperfect (se) |
me peyese | te peyeses | se peyese | nos peyésemos | os peyeseis | se peyesen | |
future1 | me peyere | te peyeres | se peyere | nos peyéremos | os peyereis | se peyeren | |
imperative | — | tú vos |
usted | nosotros nosotras |
vosotros vosotras |
ustedes | |
affirmative | péetetú peetevos |
péase | peámonos | peeos | péanse | ||
negative | no te peas | no se pea | no nos peamos | no os peáis | no se pean |
Related termsEdit
Further readingEdit
- “peer”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014