Wiktionary

os

See also: Appendix:Variations of "os"
Languages (40)
Translingual • English
Afrikaans • Aragonese • Aromanian • Catalan • Danish • Daur • Dutch • Fala • French • Galician • Guinea-Bissau Creole • Iberian • Irish • Istro-Romanian • Latin • Middle English • Middle French • Middle Low German • Norwegian Nynorsk • Old Czech • Old English • Old French • Old Irish • Old Saxon • Polish • Portuguese • Romagnol • Romanian • Scottish Gaelic • Serbo-Croatian • Slovak • Slovene • Slovincian • Spanish • Swedish • Volapük • Welsh • White Hmong
Page categories

Translingual

edit

Symbol

edit

os

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Ossetian.

See also

edit

English

edit

Etymology 1

edit

Borrowed from Latin os (“a bone”).

Pronunciation

edit

Noun

edit

os (plural ossa)

  1. (anatomy) Synonym of bone.
    • 1749, Henry Fielding, “Containing the great Address of the Landlady; the great Learning of a Surgeon, and the solid Skill in Casuistry of the worthy Lieutenant”, in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, volume III, London: A[ndrew] Millar, […], →OCLC, book VII, page 109:
      I was once, I remember, called to a Patient, who had received a violent Contuſion in his Tibia, by which the exterior Cutis was lacerated, ſo that there was a profuſe ſanguinary Diſcharge; and the interior Membranes were ſo divellicated, that the Os or Bone very plainly appeared through the Aperture of the Vulnus or Wound.
Usage notes
edit

Used in anatomical terminology (e.g., Terminologia Anatomica) and sometimes by doctors and surgeons in practice, but seldom used by medical laypeople.

Hyponyms
edit
Derived terms
edit
Translations
edit
Translations

Etymology 2

edit

Unadapted borrowing from Latin ōs (“the mouth”).

Pronunciation

edit

Noun

edit

os (plural ora)

  1. (anatomy, sometimes botany) An opening or entrance to a passage, particularly one at either end of the cervix, internal (to the uterus) or external (to the vagina).
    Synonym: orifice
    • 1891, Texas Medical Association, Transactions, volume 23, page 175:
      The instrument closed, as seen in Fig. 1, is then passed along the finger to the os, in and through the cervix up to the fundus of the uterus, which may be determined both by the distance and the resistance to the broad rounded head of the Capiat.
    • 2009 July 6, Armen Takhtajan, Flowering Plants, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN:
      […] monocolpate (“unisulcate”) pollen grains still have a continuous aperture membrane devoid of special openings (ora) in the exine for the emergence of the pollen tube.
Translations
edit

Etymology 3

edit

Borrowed from Swedish ås.

Pronunciation

edit

Noun

edit

os (plural osar)

  1. An osar or esker.

Etymology 4

edit

From o +‎ -s.

Pronunciation

edit

Noun

edit

os

  1. (rare) Alternative form of o's.

References

edit

Anagrams

edit

Afrikaans

edit

Etymology

edit

From Dutch os.

Noun

edit

os (plural osse, diminutive ossie)

  1. ox (castrated bull)

Derived terms

edit

Aragonese

edit

Etymology

edit

From Vulgar Latin *lōs, from Latin illōs.

Pronunciation

edit
  • IPA(key): /ˈos/
  • Rhymes: -os
  • Syllabification: os

Article

edit

os m pl

  1. the
    Os lugars d'Aragón
    The villages of Aragon

Usage notes

edit
  • The form los, either pronounced as los or as ros, can be found after words ending with -o.
  • Some dialects use the form els, often shortened to es.

Aromanian

edit

Alternative forms

edit

Etymology

edit

From Latin ossum, from os. Compare Romanian os.

Noun

edit

os n (plural oasi or oase)

  1. bone

Derived terms

edit

Catalan

edit

Etymology 1

edit

Inherited from Old Catalan os, from Latin ossum, non-standard variant of os.

Pronunciation

edit

Noun

edit

os m (plural ossos)

  1. bone
Derived terms
edit
edit

Etymology 2

edit
 
l'ós bru ― the brown bear
    Etymology tree
    Proto-Italic *orssos
    Latin ursus
    Catalan os

    Inherited from Latin ursus, from Proto-Italic *orssos. Compare French ours, Occitan ors, Spanish oso.

    Alternative forms

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os m (plural ossos, feminine ossa)

    1. bear (mammal)
    Derived terms
    edit
    specific species of bear
    other non-ursine mammals
    other terms
    edit

    Further reading

    edit

    Etymology 3

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os

    1. plural of o (“the letter O”)

    Danish

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    From Old Norse oss (“us”).

    Pronunciation

    edit
    • IPA(key): /ɔs/, [ʌs], [ɒ̽s]

    Pronoun

    edit

    os

    1. us, objective of vi
    2. (reflexive pronoun) ourselves
    3. (pluralis majestatis) ourself
    See also
    edit
    Danish personal pronouns
    Number Person Type Nominative Oblique Possessive
    common neuter plural
    Singular First – jeg mig min mit mine
    Second modern / informal du dig din dit dine
    formal (uncommon) De Dem Deres
    Third masculine (person) han ham hans
    feminine (person) hun hende hendes
    common (noun) den dens
    neuter (noun) det dets
    indefinite man en ens
    reflexive – sig sin sit sine
    Plural First modern vi os vores
    archaic / formal vor vort vore
    Second – I jer jeres
    Third – de dem deres
    reflexive – sig

    Etymology 2

    edit

    Disputed.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os c (singular definite osen, not used in plural form)

    1. smoke
    2. reek
    3. fug

    Verb

    edit

    os

    1. imperative of ose

    Daur

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    From Proto-Mongolic *usun. Compare Mongolian ус (us).

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os

    1. water
      En osii ter nyadem waagw tunpund suree.
      Please pour water into that washbowl.

    References

    edit
    • Henry G. Schwarz, The Minorities of Northern China: A Survey (1984), page 140: 'water' Daur os

    Dutch

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    From Middle Dutch osse, from Old Dutch *osso, earlier *ohso, from Proto-Germanic *uhsô.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os m (plural ossen, diminutive osje n)

    1. ox (castrated bull)

    Derived terms

    edit

    Descendants

    edit
    • Afrikaans: os
    • Negerhollands: os

    Further reading

    edit
    • “os” in Woordenlijst Nederlandse Taal – Officiële Spelling, Nederlandse Taalunie. [the official spelling word list for the Dutch language]

    Fala

    edit

    Alternative forms

    edit
    • us (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu)

    Etymology

    edit

    From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Latin illōs.

    Pronunciation

    edit
    • IPA(key): /os/
    • Rhymes: -os
    • Syllabification: os

    Article

    edit

    os m pl (singular o, feminine a, feminine plural as)

    1. (Mañegu) Masculine plural definite article; the
      • 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Chapter 1: Lengua Española:
        En esti territorio se han assentau, en os anus que se indican, os habitantis siguientis:
        In this territory there were living, in the years specified, the following (amount of) inhabitants:

    Pronoun

    edit

    os

    1. (Mañegu) Third person plural masculine accusative pronoun; them

    See also

    edit
    Fala personal pronouns
    nominative dative accusative disjunctive
    singular first person ei me, -mi mi
    second person tú te, -ti ti
    third
    person     		m el le, -li uLV, oM el
    f ela a ela
    plural first
    person     		common nos musL
    nusLV
    nos, -nusM     		nos
    m noshotrusM noshotrusM
    f noshotrasM noshotrasM
    second
    person     		common vos vusLV
    vos, -vusM     		vos
    m voshotrusM voshotrusM
    f voshotrasM voshotrasM
    third
    person     		m elis le, -li usLV, osM elis
    f elas as elas
    third person reflexive — se, -si sí

    Dialects:  L Lagarteiru   M Mañegu   V Valverdeñu

    References

    edit
    • Valeš, Miroslav (2021) Diccionariu de A Fala: lagarteiru, mañegu, valverdeñu (web)‎[3], 2nd edition, Minde, Portugal: CIDLeS, published 2022, →ISBN

    French

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    Inherited from Middle French os, from Old French os, from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

    Pronunciation

    edit
    • (singular) IPA(key): /ɔs/
    • (plural) IPA(key): /o/
    • After consonants other than /z/, the plural may alternatively be pronounced like the singular (cf. the same in œufs).
    • Colloquially, some speakers use the hybrid form /os/ for both singular and plural.

    Noun

    edit

    os m (plural os)

    1. bone
      Le chien a enterré un os.
      The dog buried a bone.
    2. (informal) snag, hitch
      Synonyms: hic, accroc, anicroche
      Il y a un os. ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

    Derived terms

    edit

    Further reading

    edit

    Anagrams

    edit

    Galician

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Vulgar Latin *los, from Latin illōs, accusative plural of ille (“that”).

    Pronunciation

    edit
    • IPA(key): /ˈos/ [ˈʊs̺]
    • Rhymes: -os
    • Hyphenation: os

    Article

    edit

    os m pl (masculine singular o, feminine singular a, feminine plural as)

    1. (definite) the
      Libros que encerran os fondos secretos da cencia.
      Books that contain the secret treasures of science.
    Usage notes
    edit

    The definite article o (in all its forms) regularly forms contractions when it follows the prepositions a (“to”), con (“with”), de (“of, from”), and en (“in”). For example, con os ("with the") contracts to cos, and en os ("in the") contracts to nos.

    Derived terms
    edit
    See also
    edit
    Galician articles
    Singular Plural
    Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
    Definite articles
    (the)     		o a os as
    Indefinite articles
    (a, an, some)     		un unha uns unhas

    Etymology 2

    edit

    See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

    Pronoun

    edit

    os

    1. accusative of eles
    See also
    edit
    Galician personal pronouns
    number person nominative
    (subject)     		accusative
    (direct object)     		dative
    (indirect object)     		prepositional prepositional
    with con
    singular first eu me min comigo
    second ti te che ti contigo
    third m el o (lo, no) lle el con el
    f ela a (la, na) ela con ela
    plural first nós
    nosoutros m
    nosoutras f     		nos nós connosco
    second vós
    vosoutros m
    vosoutrasf     		vos vós convosco
    third m eles os (los, nos) lles eles con eles
    f elas as (las, nas) elas con elas
    reflexive third /
    indefinite     		— se si consigo

    Further reading

    edit

    Guinea-Bissau Creole

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    From Portuguese osso. Cognate with Kabuverdianu osu.

    Noun

    edit

    os

    1. bone

    Iberian

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    Can be compared to Proto-Basque *oso (“whole, complete”) and to Basque oso.

    Adjective

    edit

    os

    1. whole
    2. great

    References

    edit
    • Villamor, Fernando (2020) A basic dictionary and grammar of the Iberian language

    Irish

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    From Old Irish oss, from Proto-Celtic *uxsū, from Proto-Indo-European *uksḗn (“bull”).

    Noun

    edit

    os m (genitive singular ois, nominative plural ois)

    1. (literary) deer
      Synonym: fia
    Declension
    edit
    Declension of os (first declension)
    bare forms
    singular plural
    nominative os ois
    vocative a ois a osa
    genitive ois os
    dative os ois
    forms with the definite article
    singular plural
    nominative an t-os na hois
    genitive an ois na n-os
    dative leis an os
    don os     		leis na hois
    Derived terms
    edit

    Etymology 2

    edit

    From Old Irish úas, ós, from Proto-Celtic *ouxsos, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ewps-.

    Preposition

    edit

    os (plus dative, triggers no mutation)

    1. over, above
    Derived terms
    edit

    Mutation

    edit
    Mutated forms of os
    radical eclipsis with h-prothesis with t-prothesis
    os n-os hos t-os

    Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
    All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

    Further reading

    edit
    • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “os”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
    • “os”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

    Istro-Romanian

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    From Latin ossum, from os.

    Noun

    edit

    os n (plural ose, definite singular osu, definite plural osele)

    1. bone

    Latin

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit
     
    ōs mulieris (mouth of a woman)
     
    Latin Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia la

    From Proto-Italic *ōs, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éh₁os. Cognates include Hittite 𒀀𒄿𒅖 (aiš), Sanskrit आस् (ās), Old Irish á, Old English ōr.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    ōs n (genitive ōris); third declension

    1. mouth
      Synonym: bucca
      Hyponyms: buccula, ōsculum
      • 8 CE – 12 CE, Ovid, Sorrows 1.2.35–36:
        opprimet hanc animam flūctūs, frūstrāque precantī
        ōre necātūrās accipiēmus aquās
        Waves will crush this life, and just as I am uselessly praying, by mouth we will swallow waters soon to destroy us.
        (The poet laments his storm-tossed sea voyage to exile.)
      • Genesis, Vulgate 8.11:
        at illa venit ad eum ad vesperam portans ramum olivae virentibus foliis in ore suo intellexit ergo Noe quod cessassent aquae super terram
        But it came to him in the evening carrying a green-leaved olive branch in its mouth, therefore Noah understood that the waters above the land were coming to an end.
    2. (transferred sense) (in general) head or face
      Synonym: caput
      Synonyms: (Vulgar Latin) cara, faciēs, frōns, vultus
      ad aliquem ora convertere ― to turn the head or face towards someone
    3. (transferred sense) (in general) facial features, countenance, appearance
      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.328–329:
        “[...] Sī quis mihi parvulus aulā / lūderet Aenēās, quī tē tamen ōre referret, [...].”
        “If [only] for me someone were playing in the hall – a little Aeneas – who, although [lizards were gone], would recall lizards by his appearance, [...].”
    4. (poetic) speech
      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 2.423:
        […] primi clipeos mentitaque tela / adgnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant.
        • 1697 translation by John Dryden
          They first observe, and to the rest betray, / Our diff'rent speech; our borrow'd arms survey.
    5. mouth, lips, opening, entrance, aperture, orifice
      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.659–660:
        Dīxit et ōs impressa torō, [...] / ait [...].
        [Dido] spoke and, having pressed her lips upon the bed, cried out: [...].
        (Although many translations have Dido bury her “face” in the “couch,” still others convey the symbolism of a farewell kiss. See: Fitzgerald, 1981: “And here she kissed the bed”; Ruden, 2021: “She kissed the bed”.)
    6. beak of a ship
    7. edge of a sword
      This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!
    Inflection
    edit

    Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem).

    singular plural
    nominative ōs ōra
    genitive ōris ōrum
    dative ōrī ōribus
    accusative ōs ōra
    ablative ōre ōribus
    vocative ōs ōra
    Derived terms
    edit
    Descendants
    edit
    • → English: os

    Etymology 2

    edit

     
    ossa manūs (bones of the hand)
     
    Latin Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia la

    From Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst. Cognates include Ancient Greek ὀστέον (ostéon), Sanskrit अस्थि (asthi) and Old Armenian ոսկր (oskr).

    Alternative forms

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os n (genitive ossis); third declension

    1. (literal, anatomy) bone
    2. (figurative) bone as a metaphor for something deep within the body or frame, one’s innermost being or feeling, a generalized physical presence more than a specific anatomical location
      • 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 4.100-101:
        “[...] Habēs tōtā quod mente petīstī:
        ārdet amāns Dīdō, trāxitque per ossa furōrem.”
        [Juno says to Venus:] “You have what you sought with all your heart: Dido burns [with] love, and it has drawn the passion through her bones.”
      • Anonymous, Regula Magistri :
        ipsorum ore respondent se lassis post viam ossibus non posse de lecto surgere
        By the same mouth they respond that, due to their weary bones after travel, it is not possible to arise from bed.
      1. (transferred sense) hard or innermost part of trees or fruits; heartwood
    3. (figurative) bones, framework or outline of a discourse
      This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!
    Inflection
    edit

    Third-declension noun (neuter, i-stem).

    singular plural
    nominative os ossa
    genitive ossis ossium
    dative ossī ossibus
    accusative os ossa
    ablative osse ossibus
    vocative os ossa
    Derived terms
    edit
    edit
    Descendants
    edit
    Descendants

    References

    edit
    • "ōs", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • "ŏs", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • "ōs", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • "os", in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
    • os in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette, page 1095.
    • "os", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
    • Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎[4], London: Macmillan and Co.
      • to praise a man to his face: aliquem coram, in os or praesentem laudare
      • to be in every one's mouth: in ore omnium or omnibus (hominum or hominibus, but only mihi, tibi, etc.) esse
      • to harp on a thing, be always talking of it: in ore habere aliquid (Fam. 6. 18. 5)
      • physics; natural philosophy: physica (-orum) (Or. 34. 119); philosophia naturalis
      • logic, dialectic: dialectica (-ae or -orum) (pure Latin disserendi ratio et scientia)
      • all agree on this point: omnes (uno ore) in hac re consentiunt
      • unanimously: una voce; uno ore
      • mathematics: mathematica (-ae) or geometria (-ae), geometrica (-orum) (Tusc. 1. 24. 57)
      • arithmetic: arithmetica (-orum)
      • arithmetic: numeri (-orum)
      • no word escaped him: nullum verbum ex ore eius excidit (or simply ei)
      • maintain a devout silence (properly, utter no ill-omened word): favete ore, linguis = εὐφημειτε
      • to talk of a subject which was then the common topic of conversation: in eum sermonem incidere, qui tum fere multis erat in ore
      • (ambiguous) to draw every one's eyes upon one: omnium oculos (et ora) ad se convertere
      • (ambiguous) to be in every one's mouth: per omnium ora ferri
      • (ambiguous) to be a subject for gossip: in ora vulgi abire
    • Dizionario Latino italiano, Olivetti

    Middle English

    edit

    Pronoun

    edit

    os

    1. Alternative form of us

    Middle French

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    Inherited from Old French os, from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

    Noun

    edit

    os m (plural os)

    1. bone

    Descendants

    edit
    • French: os

    Middle Low German

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Pronoun

    edit

    ös

    1. (personal pronoun, dative, accusative) Alternative form of uns.

    Norwegian Nynorsk

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    From Old Norse óss. Same as Latin os.

    Noun

    edit

    os m or n (definite singular osen or oset, indefinite plural osar or os, definite plural osane or osa)

    1. an outlet, estuary, river mouth (where a river runs out of a lake, or enters a lake or the ocean)

    Etymology 2

    edit

    Unknown.

    Noun

    edit

    os m (definite singular osen, indefinite plural osar, definite plural osane)

    1. to fume, smoke
    2. to reek, malodorousness
    Derived terms
    edit

    Etymology 3

    edit

    Pronoun

    edit

    os

    1. obsolete spelling of oss.
      • 1770, Edvard Storm, “Guten aa Jenta paa Fjøshjellen”, in Den fyrste morgonblånen, Oslo: Novus, published 1990, page 233:
        Dæmæ venda os aat Bygden
        thus we turn towards the village

    Etymology 4

    edit

    Verb

    edit

    os

    1. past tense of ase
    2. imperative of ose

    Further reading

    edit
    • “os” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
    • “os”, in Norsk Ordbok: ordbok over det norske folkemålet og det nynorske skriftmålet, Oslo: Samlaget, 1950-2016

    Old Czech

    edit

    Alternative forms

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os f

    1. axis, shaft
      • 15th century, Alexandreida, zlomek svatovítský:
        Tu kořist vzkladú na koně,
        každý kóň pojide stóně.
        Vztřěštěchu osi i kola,
        nebo jim kořist odola.
        They put the booty on the horses,
        every horse rode moaning.
        The shafts as well as wheels cracked
        because the booty overpowered them.

    Declension

    edit
    Declension of os (i-stem)
    singular dual plural
    nominative os osi osi
    genitive osi ośú osí
    dative osi osma osem
    accusative os osi osi
    vocative osi osi osi
    locative osi ośú osech
    instrumental ośú osma osmi
    This table shows the most common forms around the 13th century.
    See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.

    Descendants

    edit

    Further reading

    edit

    Old English

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    From Proto-West Germanic *ansu, from Proto-Germanic *ansuz (“god, deity”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ems- (“engender, beget”). Cognate with Old Norse áss.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    ōs m

    1. a god
    2. the runic character ᚩ (/o/ or /oː/)

    Usage notes

    edit
    • The genitive plural ēsa (attested in ēsa gescot “the shot of the ēse”) and names such as Esegar display i-mutation, despite being a u-stem. This is likely a fossilization from an earlier stage between Proto-West Germanic *ansu and early Old English *ons, in which i-mutation was applied to the attested declined forms due to the word’s archaic meaning, rather than its active usage.
    • The nominative plural likely had the same process from above applied to it as well, in the form of *ēse.
    • Both i-mutated, and typically-expected forms for each affected declension are provided in the table below:

    Declension

    edit

    U-stem, irregular:

    singular plural
    nominative ōs *ēse, *ōsa
    accusative ōs *ōsa
    genitive *ōsa ēsa, *ōsa
    dative ēse, *ōsa *ōsum

    Synonyms

    edit

    Old French

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    From Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os oblique singular, m (oblique plural os, nominative singular os, nominative plural os)

    1. bone

    Descendants

    edit
    • Middle French: os
      • French: os

    Old Irish

    edit

    Alternative forms

    edit
    • as, es, is (aberrant Würzburg forms)

    Etymology

    edit

    Hamp derives this from Proto-Celtic *sonts, plural *sontes (whence ot); ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sónts.[1] Copular origin explains the use of independent subject pronouns with this conjunction, which otherwise are usually used with the copula is.

    A more traditional theory, assumed by Pedersen and Thurneysen among others, supposes that this is a contraction of ocus (“and”), with the apparent copular behaviour being analogical.[2]

    Conjunction

    edit

    os (third-person plural ot)

    1. disjunctive conjunction

    Usage notes

    edit
    • The conjunction takes on the form ot when used with the third-person plural pronoun é and os elsewhere.

    Descendants

    edit
    • Middle Irish: os

    References

    edit
    1. ^ Hamp, Eric P. (1978) “Varia II”, in Ériu‎[1], volume 29, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN, →JSTOR, retrieved August 27, 2022, pages 149–154
    2. ^ García Castillero, Carlos (2013) “OLD IRISH TONIC PRONOUNS AS EXTRACLAUSAL CONSTITUENTS”, in Ériu‎[2], volume 63, Royal Irish Academy, →ISSN Invalid ISSN, →JSTOR, pages 1–39

    Further reading

    edit

    Old Saxon

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os m

    1. Alternative form of as

    Polish

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os f

    1. genitive plural of osa
      Synonym: ós

    Portuguese

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    From Old Galician-Portuguese os, from Vulgar Latin *los, from Latin illōs.

    Pronunciation

    edit
     

    • Hyphenation: os

    Article

    edit

    os

    2. masculine plural of o
    Quotations
    edit

    For quotations using this term, see Citations:o.

    See also
    edit
    Portuguese articles
    singular plural
    masculine feminine masculine feminine
    definite article
    (the)     		o a os as
    indefinite article
    (a, an; some)     		um uma uns umas

    Pronoun

    edit

    os

    2. third-person plural direct objective personal pronoun; them
      Synonyms: (indirect objective) lhes, eles, (prepositional) elas
      Encontrei-os na rua.
      I met them at the street.
    Usage notes
    edit
    • Becomes -los after verb forms ending in -r, -s, or -z, the pronouns nos and vos, and the adverb eis; the ending letter causing the change disappears.
      After ver: Posso vê-los? ― May I see them?
      After pôs: Pô-los ali. ― He put them there.
      After fiz: Fi-los ficarem contentes. ― I made them become happy.
      After nos: Deu-no-los relutantemente. ― He gave them to us reluctantly.
      After eis: Ei-los! ― Behold them!
    • Becomes -nos after a nasal diphthong: -ão, -am [ɐ̃w̃], -õe [õj̃], -em, -êm [ẽj̃].
      Detêm-nos como prisioneiros. ― They detain them as prisoners.
    • In Brazil it is being abandoned in favor of the nominative form eles.
      Eu os vi. → Eu vi eles. ― I saw them.
    Quotations
    edit

    For quotations using this term, see Citations:os.

    Descendants
    edit
    • → Ambonese Malay: os
    See also
    edit
    Portuguese personal pronouns
    number person nominative
    (subject)     		accusative
    (direct object)     		dative
    (indirect object)     		prepositional prepositional
    with com     		non-declining
    singular first eu me mim comigo —
    second tu te ti contigo você
    o senhor m
    a senhora f
    third m ele o (lo, no) lhe ele com ele o mesmo
    f ela a (la, na) ela com ela a mesma
    plural first nós nos nós connosco (Portugal)
    conosco (Brazil)     		a gente
    second vós vos vós convosco
    com vós     		vocês
    os senhores m
    as senhoras f
    third m eles os (los, nos) lhes eles com eles os mesmos
    f elas as (las, nas) elas com elas as mesmas
    reflexive third /
    indefinite     		— se si consigo o mesmo etc. (reflexive)

    Etymology 2

    edit

    See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

    Pronunciation

    edit
     

    • Hyphenation: os

    Noun

    edit

    os m

    2. plural of o

    Romagnol

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os m (invariable) (Bassa Romagna)

    1. door

    Romanian

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    Inherited from Latin ossum, popular variant of os, ossis, from Proto-Italic *ōs, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ésth₁ (“bone”), *h₂óst.

    Compare Catalan os, French os, Italian osso, Portuguese osso, Sardinian ossu, Spanish hueso.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os n (plural oase)

    1. bone

    Declension

    edit
    Declension of os
    singular plural
    indefinite definite indefinite definite
    nominative-accusative os osul oase oasele
    genitive-dative os osului oase oaselor
    vocative osule oaselor
    edit

    Further reading

    edit

    Scottish Gaelic

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    From Old Irish ós, úas (“above, over”).

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Preposition

    edit

    os (+ dative, no mutation)

    1. (obsolete) over, above
    Usage notes
    edit
    • Now used only in the compounds listed below.
    Derived terms
    edit

    Etymology 2

    edit

    Eye-dialect spelling of ars.

    Verb

    edit

    os

    1. Alternative form of arsa used before vowels
      "Ial, ial," os a' chailleach ― "Ial, ial," said the old woman

    Serbo-Croatian

    edit
     
    Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia sh

    Alternative forms

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    ȏs f (Cyrillic spelling о̑с)

    1. (Croatia) axis

    Declension

    edit
    Declension of os
    singular plural
    nominative ȏs ȏsi
    genitive ȏsi ósī
    dative osi osima
    accusative os osi
    vocative osi osi
    locative osi osima
    instrumental osi osima

    Further reading

    edit
    • “os”, in Hrvatski jezični portal [Croatian language portal] (in Serbo-Croatian), 2006–2025

    Slovak

    edit
     
    Slovak Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia sk

    Etymology

    edit

    Inherited from Proto-Slavic *osь.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os f (relational adjective osový, diminutive oska or osička)

    1. (geometry) axis
    2. axle

    Declension

    edit
    Declension of os
    (pattern kosť)
    singularplural
    nominativeososi
    genitiveosiosí
    dativeosiosiam
    accusativeososi
    locativeosiosiach
    instrumentalosouosami

    Further reading

    edit
    • “os”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2025

    Slovene

    edit
     
    Slovene Wikipedia has an article on:
    Wikipedia sl

    Etymology

    edit

    From Proto-Slavic *osь.

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    ọ̑s f

    1. axis (geometry: imaginary line)

    Declension

    edit
     
    		 The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.
    Feminine, i-stem, long mixed accent
    nom. sing. ós
    gen. sing. osí
    singular dual plural
    nominative
    (imenovȃlnik)     		ós osí osí
    genitive
    (rodȋlnik)     		osí osí osí
    dative
    (dajȃlnik)     		ôsi oséma osém
    accusative
    (tožȋlnik)     		ós osí osí
    locative
    (mẹ̑stnik)     		ôsi oséh oséh
    instrumental
    (orọ̑dnik)     		osjó oséma osmí

    Further reading

    edit
    • “os”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
    • “os”, in Termania, Amebis
    • See also the general references

    Slovincian

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

    Pronunciation

    edit
    • IPA(key): /ˈɔs/
    • Rhymes: -ɔs
    • Syllabification: os

    Conjunction

    edit

    os

    1. and

    Further reading

    edit

    Spanish

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    Inherited from Latin vōs (accusative), vōbīs (dative).

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Pronoun

    edit

    os

    1. (Spain) you, to you, for you; dative and accusative of vosotros

    See also

    edit
    Spanish personal pronouns
    nominative dative accusative disjunctive
    first person singular yo me mí1
    plural masculine2 nosotros nos nosotros
    feminine nosotras nosotras
    second person singular tuteo tú te ti1
    voseo vos vos
    formal3 usted le, se4 lo/la5 usted
    plural familiar6 masculine2 vosotros os vosotros
    feminine vosotras vosotras
    formal/general3 ustedes les, se4 los/las5 ustedes
    third person singular masculine2 él le, se4 lo él
    feminine ella la ella
    neuter ello7 lo ello
    plural masculine2 ellos les, se4 los ellos
    feminine ellas las ellas
    reflexive — se sí1
    1. Not used with con; conmigo, contigo, and consigo are used instead, respectively
    2. Like other masculine Spanish words, masculine Spanish pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
    3. Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity
    4. If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g., Se lo dije instead of Le lo dije)
    5. Depending on the implicit gender of the object being referred to
    6. Used primarily in Spain
    7. Used only in rare circumstances

    Further reading

    edit

    Swedish

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    Disputed. Possibly related to Latin odor, or alternatively Sanskrit वास (vāsa, “perfume”).

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Noun

    edit

    os n

    1. (uncountable) fumes, vapors (with a particular odor and slightly suffocating, especially from cooking)
      stekos
      greasy [frying] fumes
    Declension
    edit
    Declension of os
    nominative genitive
    singular indefinite os os
    definite oset osets
    plural indefinite - -
    definite - -

    Etymology 2

    edit

    From Old Norse óss.

    Noun

    edit

    os n

    1. a river mouth; the place where a creek, stream or river enters into a lake
    2. indefinite genitive singular of o
    Declension
    edit
    Declension of os
    nominative genitive
    singular indefinite os os
    definite oset osets
    plural indefinite os os
    definite osen osens

    See also

    edit

    References

    edit

    Anagrams

    edit

    Volapük

    edit

    Pronoun

    edit

    os

    1. (impersonal pronoun) it

    Welsh

    edit

    Etymology

    edit

    o (“if”) +‎ -s (“him, her, it, them”)

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Conjunction

    edit

    os

    1. if (used with factual conditionals, i.e., those that are considered likely or plausible)
      Os ydw i’n iawn, yna mae wedi canu arnat ti.
      If I’m right, then you’re done for.

    See also

    edit
    • pe (used with counterfactual conditionals)

    White Hmong

    edit

    Pronunciation

    edit

    Etymology 1

    edit

    From Proto-Hmong-Mien *ʔap (“duck”), borrowed from Middle Chinese 鴨 (MC 'aep, “duck”).[1]

    Noun

    edit

    os (classifier: tus)

    1. a duck

    Etymology 2

    edit
    This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
    Particularly: “Not mentioned by Ratliff at all. Probably a natural exclamation in the same vein as English eh.”

    Interjection

    edit

    os

    1. a final emphatic particle, usually used to express sincerity
      Nyob zoo os. ― Hello.
      Tuaj os. ― You've come.
      Noj mov os. ― Please eat.

    References

    edit
    • Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎[6], SEAP Publications, →ISBN, page 4.
    1. ^ Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 129; 280.
    Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=os&oldid=84645672"