Wiktionary

ler

See also: LER, lèr, lêr, and -ler

Danish edit

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /leːˀr/, [ˈleˀɐ̯], [ˈleɐ̯ˀ]

Etymology 1 edit

From Old Norse leir, from Proto-Germanic *laizą, cognate with Norwegian leir, Swedish ler. Probably from the Indo-European root *h₂leyH- (“to smear”).

Noun edit

ler n (singular definite leret, not used in plural form)

  1. clay
Declension edit
Declension of ler
neuter
gender 		Singular
indefinite definite
nominative ler leret
genitive lers lerets
See also edit

Etymology 2 edit

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Verb edit

ler

  1. present tense of le

Galician edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere. Compare Portuguese ler.

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

ler (first-person singular present leo, first-person singular preterite lín, past participle lido)
ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite lim or li, past participle lido, reintegrationist norm)

  1. to read

Conjugation edit

    Conjugation of ler (irregular)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(ti) 		Third-person
(el / ela / Vde.) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal ler
Personal ler leres ler lermos lerdes leren
Gerund
lendo
Past participle
Masculine lido lidos
Feminine lida lidas
Indicative
Present leo les le lemos ledes len
Imperfect lía lías lía liamos liades lían
Preterite lín liches leu lin lestes leron
Pluperfect lera leras lera leramos lerades leran
Future lerei lerás lerá leremos leredes lerán
Conditional lería lerías lería leriamos leriades lerían
Subjunctive
Present lea leas lea leamos leades lean
Imperfect lese leses lese lésemos lésedes lesen
Future ler leres ler lermos lerdes leren
Imperative
Affirmative le lea leamos lede lean
Negative (non) non leas non lea non leamos non leades non lean
    Reintegrated conjugation of ler (irregular) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(ti / tu) 		Third-person
(ele / ela / você) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal ler
Personal ler leres ler lermos lerdes lerem
Gerund
lendo
Past participle
Masculine lido lidos
Feminine lida lidas
Indicative
Present leio, leo1 lês lê lemos ledes lem, leem
Imperfect lia lias lia líamos líades, líeis, líais1 liam
Preterite lim, li leste, leche1 leu lemos lestes lêrom, leram
Pluperfect lera leras lera lêramos lêrades, lêreis, lêrais1 leram
Future lerei lerás lerá leremos leredes, lereis lerám, lerão
Conditional leria lerias leria leríamos leríades, leríeis, leríais1 leriam
Subjunctive
Present leia, lea1 leias, leas1 leia, lea1 leiamos, leamos1 leiades, leiais, leades1 leiam, leam1
Imperfect lesse lesses lesse lêssemos lêssedes, lêsseis lessem
Future ler leres ler lermos lerdes lerem
Imperative
Affirmative lê leia, lea1 leiamos, leamos1 lede leiam, leam1
Negative (nom) nom leias, nom leas1 nom leia, nom lea1 nom leiamos, nom leamos1 nom leiades, nom leiais, nom leades1 nom leiam, nom leam1

1Less recommended.

Related terms edit

References edit

  • “leer” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
  • “leer” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006–2018.
  • “ler” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
  • “ler” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
  • “ler” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.

Japanese edit

Etymology edit

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “whence r?”)

Pronunciation edit

Suffix edit

ler(ラー) • (-rā) 

  1. Alternative form of er (ā)

Derived terms edit

Japanese terms suffixed with ler

Mirandese edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

From Latin legere.

Verb edit

ler

  1. to read

Norwegian Bokmål edit

Pronunciation edit

Verb edit

ler

  1. present of le

Norwegian Nynorsk edit

Verb edit

ler

  1. present of le

Old Galician-Portuguese edit

Alternative forms edit

  • lez (likely a misspelling)

Etymology edit

Unknown. Likely from Proto-Celtic *liros.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

ler m

  1. sea, beach, shore

Usage notes edit

  • Do not confuse with leer (“to read”).

Old Irish edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Celtic *liros, either borrowed from an unknown substrate language or from Proto-Indo-European *leyH-.[1] Cognate with Welsh llŷr.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

ler m or n (genitive lir)

  1. (masculine) sea, ocean
  2. (neuter) a lot, multitude, large number

Inflection edit

As a masculine noun meaning "sea, ocean":

Masculine o-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative ler lerL lirL
Vocative lir lerL liruH
Accusative lerN lerL liruH
Genitive lirL ler lerN
Dative liurL leraib leraib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

As a neuter noun meaning "a lot, large number, multitude":

Neuter o-stem
Singular Dual Plural
Nominative lerN lerN lerL, lera
Vocative lerN lerN lerL, lera
Accusative lerN lerN lerL, lera
Genitive lirL ler lerN
Dative liurL leraib leraib
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
  • H = triggers aspiration
  • L = triggers lenition
  • N = triggers nasalization

Descendants edit

  • Irish: lear
  • Scottish Gaelic: lear

Mutation edit

Old Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Nasalization
ler
also ller after a proclitic 		ler
pronounced with /l(ʲ)-/ 		unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References edit

  1. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*liro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 241

Further reading edit

Portuguese edit

Etymology edit

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere (“to read”). Compare Galician ler and Spanish leer.

Pronunciation edit

 
 

Verb edit

ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite li, past participle lido)

  1. to read (to look at and interpret written information)
  2. to read (to speak aloud written information)
  3. (computing) to read (to fetch data from)
  4. (reflexive, of text) to read (to be interpreted or read in a particular way)

Conjugation edit

    Conjugation of ler (irregular) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu) 		Second-person
(tu) 		Third-person
(ele / ela / você) 		First-person
(nós) 		Second-person
(vós) 		Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal ler
Personal ler leres ler lermos lerdes lerem
Gerund
lendo
Past participle
Masculine lido lidos
Feminine lida lidas
Indicative
Present leio lês lê lemos ledes leem, lêem1
Imperfect lia lias lia líamos líeis liam
Preterite li leste leu lemos lestes leram
Pluperfect lera leras lera lêramos lêreis leram
Future lerei lerás lerá leremos lereis lerão
Conditional leria lerias leria leríamos leríeis leriam
Subjunctive
Present leia leias leia leiamos leiais leiam
Imperfect lesse lesses lesse lêssemos lêsseis lessem
Future ler leres ler lermos lerdes lerem
Imperative
Affirmative lê leia leiamos lede leiam
Negative (não) não leias não leia não leiamos não leiais não leiam

1Superseded.

Quotations edit

For quotations using this term, see Citations:ler.

Derived terms edit

Related terms edit

Descendants edit

  • Macanese: lê
  • → Makalero: leh (“to read”)

Romansch edit

Etymology 1 edit

From Latin legō, legere.

Verb edit

ler

  1. (Puter) to read
Alternative forms edit

Etymology 2 edit

Verb edit

ler

  1. (Sutsilvan) Alternative form of vuler

Serbo-Croatian edit

Etymology edit

From German leer.

Pronunciation edit

  • IPA(key): /lêːr/
  • Hyphenation: ler

Noun edit

lȇr m (Cyrillic spelling ле̑р)

  1. (regional, automotive) neutral

Declension edit

Declension of ler
singular plural
nominative ler leri
genitive lera lera
dative leru lerima
accusative ler lere
vocative lere leri
locative leru lerima
instrumental lerom lerima

References edit

  • “ler” in Hrvatski jezični portal

Swedish edit

Noun edit

ler c

  1. clay; Contraction of lera., in the expression ler och långhalm

Verb edit

ler

  1. present indicative of le

Anagrams edit

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