مال
Arabic edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
مَالِ • (māli)
Etymology 2 edit
Probably a univerbation of مَا (mā, “what”) + ل (l-, “to; belonging to”), as in مَا لِي (mā lī, “what belongs to me”). The root م و ل (m-w-l) then developed denominally. While this may seem like popular etymology, similar univerbations do exist in Arabic; compare particularly the dialectal verb جَاب (jāb). Compare also Classical Syriac ܡܵܠܵܐ (mālā, “property, wealth”).
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
مَال • (māl) m (plural أَمْوَال (ʔamwāl))
- property, possessions, chattels, goods
- wealth, affluence
- fortune, estate
- money
- income, revenue
- assets, capital, stock, fund
- (Islam, law) marketable title
- (Egypt) tax, land tax
Declension edit
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | مَال māl |
الْمَال al-māl |
مَال māl |
Nominative | مَالٌ mālun |
الْمَالُ al-mālu |
مَالُ mālu |
Accusative | مَالًا mālan |
الْمَالَ al-māla |
مَالَ māla |
Genitive | مَالٍ mālin |
الْمَالِ al-māli |
مَالِ māli |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | مَالَيْن mālayn |
الْمَالَيْن al-mālayn |
مَالَيْ mālay |
Nominative | مَالَانِ mālāni |
الْمَالَانِ al-mālāni |
مَالَا mālā |
Accusative | مَالَيْنِ mālayni |
الْمَالَيْنِ al-mālayni |
مَالَيْ mālay |
Genitive | مَالَيْنِ mālayni |
الْمَالَيْنِ al-mālayni |
مَالَيْ mālay |
Plural | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَمْوَال ʔamwāl |
الْأَمْوَال al-ʔamwāl |
أَمْوَال ʔamwāl |
Nominative | أَمْوَالٌ ʔamwālun |
الْأَمْوَالُ al-ʔamwālu |
أَمْوَالُ ʔamwālu |
Accusative | أَمْوَالًا ʔamwālan |
الْأَمْوَالَ al-ʔamwāla |
أَمْوَالَ ʔamwāla |
Genitive | أَمْوَالٍ ʔamwālin |
الْأَمْوَالِ al-ʔamwāli |
أَمْوَالِ ʔamwāli |
Descendants edit
- → Azerbaijani: mal
- → Bashkir: мал (mal)
- → Bengali: মাল (mal)
- → Crimean Tatar: mal
- → Kazakh: мал (mal)
- → Kyrgyz: мал (mal)
- → Northern Kurdish: mal
- → Maltese: miel
- → Mongolian: мал (mal)
- → Old Armenian: մալ (mal)
- → Nogai: мал (mal)
- → Persian: مال (mâl)
- → Swahili: mali
- → Tatar: мал (mal)
- → Tofa: мал
- → Turkish: mal
- → Albanian: mall
- → Tuvan: мал (mal)
- → Uzbek: mol
- → Yakut: мал (mal)
References edit
- Bauer, Hans (1935) “Etymologica I”, in Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete (in German), volume 10, page 1
- Freytag, Georg (1837) “مال”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum[1] (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 221
- Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “مال”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc[2] (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, page 1168
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “مال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[3], London: W.H. Allen, page 983
- Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “مال”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart[4] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1233
Etymology 3 edit
Root |
---|
م ي ل (m-y-l) |
Verb edit
مَالَ • (māla) I, non-past يَمِيلُ (yamīlu)
- to bend, incline to
- to lean (عَلَى (ʕalā, “against”))
- to be favorably disposed
- to hang down
- to sink
- to move towards (not in a straight line)
- to decline, deviate
- to sympathize (إِلَى (ʔilā, “with”))
- to have an antipathy (عَلَى (ʕalā, “against”))
Conjugation edit
verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر |
mayl or mayalān or maylūla or tamyāl or mamāl or mamīl | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
māʔil | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
mamīl | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | miltu |
milta |
مَالَ māla |
miltumā |
mālā |
milnā |
miltum |
mālū | |||
f | milti |
mālat |
mālatā |
miltunna |
milna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔamīlu |
tamīlu |
yamīlu |
tamīlāni |
yamīlāni |
namīlu |
tamīlūna |
yamīlūna | |||
f | tamīlīna |
tamīlu |
tamīlāni |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔamīla |
tamīla |
yamīla |
tamīlā |
yamīlā |
namīla |
tamīlū |
yamīlū | |||
f | tamīlī |
tamīla |
tamīlā |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔamil |
tamil |
yamil |
tamīlā |
yamīlā |
namil |
tamīlū |
yamīlū | |||
f | tamīlī |
tamil |
tamīlā |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | mil |
mīlā |
mīlū |
||||||||
f | mīlī |
milna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | — | — | mīla |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | — | — | yumālu |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | — | — | yumāla |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | — | — | yumal |
— | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — |
Verb edit
مَالَ • (māla) I, non-past يَمِيلُ (yamīlu)
- to turn towards setting
- (transitive or construed with إِلَى (ʔilā)) to be favorably disposed towards
Conjugation edit
verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
muyūl | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
māʔil | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
mamīl | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | miltu |
milta |
مَالَ māla |
miltumā |
mālā |
milnā |
miltum |
mālū | |||
f | milti |
mālat |
mālatā |
miltunna |
milna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔamīlu |
tamīlu |
yamīlu |
tamīlāni |
yamīlāni |
namīlu |
tamīlūna |
yamīlūna | |||
f | tamīlīna |
tamīlu |
tamīlāni |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔamīla |
tamīla |
yamīla |
tamīlā |
yamīlā |
namīla |
tamīlū |
yamīlū | |||
f | tamīlī |
tamīla |
tamīlā |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔamil |
tamil |
yamil |
tamīlā |
yamīlā |
namil |
tamīlū |
yamīlū | |||
f | tamīlī |
tamil |
tamīlā |
tamilna |
yamilna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | mil |
mīlā |
mīlū |
||||||||
f | mīlī |
milna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | miltu |
milta |
mīla |
miltumā |
mīlā |
milnā |
miltum |
mīlū | |||
f | milti |
mīlat |
mīlatā |
miltunna |
milna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔumālu |
tumālu |
yumālu |
tumālāni |
yumālāni |
numālu |
tumālūna |
yumālūna | |||
f | tumālīna |
tumālu |
tumālāni |
tumalna |
yumalna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔumāla |
tumāla |
yumāla |
tumālā |
yumālā |
numāla |
tumālū |
yumālū | |||
f | tumālī |
tumāla |
tumālā |
tumalna |
yumalna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔumal |
tumal |
yumal |
tumālā |
yumālā |
numal |
tumālū |
yumālū | |||
f | tumālī |
tumal |
tumālā |
tumalna |
yumalna |
References edit
- Freytag, Georg (1837) “مال”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum[5] (in Latin), volume 4, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 225
- Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860) “مال”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc[6] (in French), volume 2, Paris: Maisonneuve et Cie, page 1174
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884) “مال”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary[7], London: W.H. Allen, page 1089
- Wehr, Hans with Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985) “مال”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart[8] (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 1239
Gulf Arabic edit
Adverb edit
مال • (māl)
- Followed by a noun or a pronominal suffix to indicate possession
- الكتاب كان مالها.
- l-kitāb kān mālha.
- The book belonged to her.
Laki edit
Etymology edit
Related to Persian ماندن (mândan, “to stay, remain”).
Noun edit
مال (mal)
Persian edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Arabic مَال (māl). The pronominal use is also found in Iraqi Arabic, hence it may have entered Persian through dialectal Arabic or it may be a Persian influence on the former.
Pronunciation edit
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): [mɑːl]
- (Iran, formal) IPA(key): [mɒːl̥]
- (Tajik, formal) IPA(key): [mɔl]
Readings | |
---|---|
Classical reading? | māl |
Dari reading? | māl |
Iranian reading? | mâl |
Tajik reading? | mol |
Audio (file)
Noun edit
مال • (mâl) (plural اموال (amvâl) or مالها (mâl-hâ))
- Used in the singular with a subsequent ezâfe to form constructions equivalent to English possessive pronouns and constructions.
- آن سگ بزرگ مال توست؟ ― ân sag-e bozorg mâl-e to-st? ― Is that big dog yours?
- این کتاب مال من نیست. ― in ketâb mâl-e man nist. ― This book isn't mine.
- این مال ایران است؟ ― in mâl-e irân ast? ― Is this from Iran?
- (as an independent noun) property, wealth, money, assets
Usage notes edit
This noun forms the Persian equivalent to English possessive pronouns and constructions. For example, "mine" is مال من (mâl-e man) and "yours" is مال تو (mâl-e to). However, the sense is broader than the English equivalents: مال ایران (mâl-e irân) means not only "something belonging to Iran" but also "something from Iran" or even "something pertaining to Iran".
In the literary language only, the pronoun آن (ân, “that”) can be used for similar purposes: آن من (ân-e man, “mine”), آن تو (ân-e to, “yours”).
Related terms edit
- مالی (mâli)
Descendants edit
Etymology 2 edit
Verb edit
مال • (mâl)
South Levantine Arabic edit
Etymology edit
From ما (mā, “what”) + لـ (la-, “to”).
Pronunciation edit
Phrase edit
مال • (māl)
Inflection edit
Inflected forms of مال | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base form | مال (māl) | ||||
Personal-pronoun- including forms |
singular | plural | |||
m | f | ||||
1st person | مالي (māli) | مالنا (mālna) | |||
2nd person | مالك (mālak) | مالك (mālek) | مالكم (mālkom) | ||
3rd person | ماله (mālo) | مالها (mālha) | مالهم (mālhom) |
Urdu edit
Etymology 1 edit
Borrowed from Classical Persian مال (māl), from Arabic مَال (māl).
Noun edit
مال • (māl) m (Hindi spelling माल)
- property, possessions, goods
- wealth
- fortune, estate
- merchandise, stock
- money
- income, revenue
- finance
- prize
- assets, capital, fund
Derived terms edit
- مال گاڑی (māl gāṛī)
Related terms edit
- مالی (mālī)
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
مال • (māl) m (Hindi spelling माल)
Etymology 3 edit
From Sanskrit माल्य (mālya) or माला (mālā).