down

See also: Down and down-

EnglishEdit

 
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PronunciationEdit

  • IPA(key): /daʊn/
  • Audio (US)
    		(file)
  • Rhymes: -aʊn

Etymology 1Edit

From Middle English doune, from Old English dūne, aphetic form of adūne, from ofdūne (“off the hill”). For the development from directional phrases to prepositions, cf. Middle Low German dāle (“(in/to the) valley”), i.e. "down(wards)".

AdverbEdit

down (not generally comparable, comparative farther down, superlative farthest down)

  1. (comparable) From a higher position to a lower one; downwards.
    The cat jumped down from the table.
    • 1913, Joseph C. Lincoln, chapter 6, in Mr. Pratt's Patients:
      She was so mad she wouldn't speak to me for quite a spell, but at last I coaxed her into going up to Miss Emmeline's room and fetching down a tintype of the missing Deacon man.
    • 1967, Sleigh, Barbara, Jessamy, 1993 edition, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 48:
      To her humiliation Jessamy found there were tears trickling down her cheeks.
    • 1967, Sleigh, Barbara, Jessamy, 1993 edition, Sevenoaks, Kent: Bloomsbury, →ISBN, page 122:
      Through the open front door ran Jessamy, down the steps to where Kitto was sitting at the bottom with the pram beside him.
    • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:down.
  2. (comparable) At a lower or further place or position along a set path.
    His place is farther down the road.
    The company was well down the path to bankruptcy.
    • 1906, Stanley J[ohn] Weyman, chapter I, in Chippinge Borough, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., OCLC 580270828, page 01:
      It was April 22, 1831, and a young man was walking down Whitehall in the direction of Parliament Street. He wore shepherd's plaid trousers and the swallow-tail coat of the day, with a figured muslin cravat wound about his wide-spread collar.
  3. South (as south is at the bottom of typical maps).
    I went down to Miami for a conference.
  4. Away from the city (regardless of direction).
    He went down to Cavan.
    down on the farm
    down country
  5. At or towards any place that is visualised as 'down' by virtue of local features or local convention, or arbitrarily, irrespective of direction or elevation change.
    She lives down by the park.
  6. (sports) Towards the opponent's side (in ball-sports).
    • 2015 May 25, “Frustrated Prince Harry howls as he misses open goal”, in Daily Telegraph‎[2]:
      The charity match, played Sunday afternoon at Cirencester Park Polo Club in Gloucestershire, reached a dramatic climax when Prince Harry tore down the pitch but failed to score what was described as an “open goal”.
    • 2005 September 1, “LBW explained”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)‎[3]:
      By moving further down the pitch, the batsman lengthens the distance between the ball and the stumps.
  7. Into a state of non-operation.
    The computer has been shut down.
    They closed the shop down.
  8. To a subordinate or less prestigious position or rank.
    Smith was sent down to the minors to work on his batting.
    After the incident, Kelly went down to Second Lieutenant.
  9. (rail transport) In the direction leading away from the principal terminus, away from milepost zero.
  10. (sentence substitute, imperative) Get down.
    Down, boy! (such as to direct a dog to stand on four legs from two, or to sit from standing on four legs.)
  11. (Britain, academia, dated) Away from Oxford or Cambridge.
    He's gone back down to Newcastle for Christmas.
  12. From a remoter or higher antiquity.
    These traditions have been handed down over generations.
    • 1825 June 17, Daniel Webster, An address delivered at the laying of the corner stone of the Bunker Hill monument, Boston: Cummings, Hilliard, and Co., OCLC 228718257, page 12:
      Venerable men! you have come down to us from a former generation.
  13. So as to lessen quantity, level or intensity.
    You need to tone down the rhetoric.
    Please turn the music down!
  14. So as to reduce size, weight or volume.
    Trim the stick down to a length of about twelve inches.
    Thanks to my strict diet, I've slimmed down to eleven stone.
    Boil the mixture down to a syrupy consistency.
    • 1788, Mary Cole, cook, The Lady's Complete Guide; or, Cookery in all its Branches, London: G. Kearsley, OCLC 6545073, page 92:
      ſtew it gently till quite tender, then take it up and boil down the gravy in the pan to a quart
  15. From less to greater detail.
    This spreadsheet lets you drill down to daily or even hourly sales figures.
    • 2013 August 3, “Boundary problems”, in The Economist, volume 408, number 8847:
      Economics is a messy discipline: too fluid to be a science, too rigorous to be an art. Perhaps it is fitting that economists’ most-used metric, gross domestic product (GDP), is a tangle too. GDP measures the total value of output in an economic territory. Its apparent simplicity explains why it is scrutinised down to tenths of a percentage point every month.
  16. So as to secure or compress something to the floor, ground, or other (usually horizontal) surface.
    We need to nail down this carpet so people don't keep tripping over it.
  17. Used with verbs to indicate that the action of the verb was carried to some state of completion, permanence, or success rather than being of indefinite duration.
    He closed operations. / He closed down operations.
    He chased answers. / He chased down answers.
Usage notesEdit
AntonymsEdit
  • (From a higher position to a lower one): up
  • (At a lower place): up
  • (Away from the city): up
  • (Into a state of non-operation): up
  • (Rail transport: direction leading away from the principal terminus): up
  • (in crosswords): across
TranslationsEdit
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

PrepositionEdit

down

  1. From the higher end to the lower of.
    The ball rolled down the hill.
    • 1898, Winston Churchill, chapter 5, in The Celebrity:
      We expressed our readiness, and in ten minutes were in the station wagon, rolling rapidly down the long drive, for it was then after nine. We passed on the way the van of the guests from Asquith.
  2. From nouth to south of.
    We sailed down the eastern seaboard.
  3. From one end to another of (in any direction); along.
    The bus went down the street.
    They walked down the beach holding hands.
  4. (colloquial) At (a given place that is seen as removed from one's present location or other point of reference).
    I'll see you later down the pub.
AntonymsEdit
  • (From the higher end to the lower): up
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit

AdjectiveEdit

down (comparative more down, superlative most down)

  1. Facing downwards.
    Turn the cloth over so that the patterned side is down.
    • 1993,Calvert, Finite Mathematics: Overrun Edition, page 251:
      You win a dollar if the down side of the card is different than the up side; otherwise, you lose a dollar.
    • 2004, Robert M. Gray, Lee D. Davisson, An Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing, page 170:
      Define the event F as the event that the down face of the die is 1 or 4.
    • 2016, Keith E. Stanovich, Richard F. West, Maggie E. Toplak, The Rationality Quotient: Toward a Test of Rational Thinking, page 332:
      Each time the 10 cards are reshuffled, your task is to predict the letter on the down side of the top card.
  2. At a lower level than before.
    The stock market is down.
    Prices are down.
  3. (informal) Sad, unhappy, depressed, feeling low.
    Mary seems very down since she split up with her boyfriend.
    • 2014 March 30, William Yardley, quoting Eddie Lawrence, “Eddie Lawrence Dies at 95; Comedy's ‘Old Philosopher’”, in New York Times‎[4], Arts:
      You say you opened up a bicycle wash and the first six customers drowned [...] Is that what’s got you down, pussy cat?
  4. (normally in the combination 'down with') Sick or ill.
    He is down with the flu.
  5. Having a lower score than an opponent.
    They are down by 3–0 with just 5 minutes to play.
    He was down by a bishop and a pawn after 15 moves.
    At 5–1 down, she produced a great comeback to win the set on a tiebreak.
  6. (baseball, colloquial, following the noun modified) Out.
    Two down and one to go in the bottom of the ninth.
  7. (colloquial, with "on") Negative about, hostile to.
    Ever since Nixon, I've been down on Republicans.
  8. (not comparable, Canada, US, slang) Comfortable with, accepting of, approachable.
    He's chill enough; he'd probably be totally down with it.
    Are you down to hang out at the mall, Jamal?
    As long as you're down with helping me pick a phone, Tyrone.
    • 2019 September 30, Hopper, Jessica; Geffen, Sasha; Pelly, Jenn, “Building a Mystery: An Oral History of Lilith Fair”, in Vanity Fair‎[5]:
      I thought, Oh, Sarah must be one of these super gentle, herbal-tea-drinking, crystal-having kind of people. And she was just super down. She belched like a sailor.
  9. (not comparable) Inoperable; out of order; out of service.
    The system is down.
  10. Finished (of a task); defeated or dealt with (of an opponent or obstacle); elapsed (of time). Often coupled with to go (remaining).
    Two down and three to go. (Two tasks completed and three more still to be done.)
    Ten minutes down and nothing's happened yet.
  11. (not comparable, military, law enforcement, slang, of a person) Wounded and unable to move normally, or killed.
    We have an officer down outside the suspect's house.
    There are three soldiers down and one walking wounded.
  12. (not comparable, military, aviation, slang, of an aircraft) Mechanically failed, collided, shot down, or otherwise suddenly unable to fly.
    We have a chopper down near the river.
  13. Thoroughly practiced, learned or memorised; mastered. (Compare down pat.)
    It's two weeks until opening night and our lines are still not down yet.
    • 2013, P.J. Hoover, Solstice, →ISBN, page 355:
      I stay with Chloe the longest. When she's not hanging out at the beach parties, she lives in a Japanese garden complete with an arched bridge spanning a pond filled with koi of varying sizes and shapes. Reeds shoot out of the water, rustling when the fish swim through them, and river-washed stones are sprinkled in a bed of sand. Chloe has this whole new Japanese thing down.
  14. (obsolete) Downright; absolute; positive.
    • 1764, Jonathan Mayhew, A Defence of the Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, London: W. Nicoll, OCLC 940171697, page 84:
      This, he muſt give me leave to tell him, is an abſolute, right down—falſehood.
  15. (African-American Vernacular, slang) Accepted or respected, especially in the black or thug community.
    What you mean, 'No'? Man, I thought you was down.
AntonymsEdit
  • (Depressed): up
  • (On a lower level): up
  • (Having a lower score): up
  • (Inoperable): up
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

VerbEdit

down (third-person singular simple present downs, present participle downing, simple past and past participle downed)

  1. (transitive) To knock (someone or something) down; to cause to come down, to fell. [from 16th c.]
    The storm downed several old trees along the highway.
    A single rifle shot downed the mighty beast.
    1. (transitive) Specifically, to cause (something in the air) to fall to the ground; to bring down (with a missile etc.). [from 19th c.]
      The helicopter was downed by a surface-to-air missile.
  2. (transitive) To lower; to put (something) down. [from 16th c.]
    The bell rang for lunch, and the workers downed their tools.
  3. (transitive, figuratively) To defeat; to overpower. [from 17th. c.]
    • 1725, Philip Sidney, The works of the Honourable Sir Philip Sidney, kt., in prose and verse, London: W. Innys, OCLC 18146617, page 156:
      To down proud hearts that would not willing die.
  4. (transitive, colloquial) To disparage, to put down. [from 18th c.]
    • 1779, Frances Burney, Journals & Letters, Penguin 2001, p. 141:
      ‘I remember how you downed Beauclerk and Hamilton, the Wits, once at our House, – when they talked of Ghosts.’
  5. (intransitive, rare or obsolete) To go or come down; to descend. [from 17th. c.]
    • 1933, Arthur Bryant, quoting Samuel Pepys (1664, February 2nd), Samuel Pepys: The Man in the Making, New York: Macmillan, OCLC 247768037, page 215:
      ...that is, that the trade of the world is too little for us two, therefore one must down.
  6. (transitive, colloquial) To drink or swallow, especially without stopping before the vessel containing the liquid is empty. [from 19th c.]
    He downed an ale and ordered another.
  7. (transitive, American football, Canadian football) To render (the ball) dead, typically by touching the ground while in possession. [from 19th c.]
    He downed it at the seven-yard line.
  8. (transitive, golf, pocket billiards) To sink (a ball) into a hole or pocket. [from 20th c.]
    He downed two balls on the break.
SynonymsEdit
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit

NounEdit

down (plural downs)

  1. A negative aspect; a downer.
    I love almost everything about my job. The only down is that I can't take Saturdays off.
  2. (dated) A grudge (on someone).
    • 1974, GB Edwards, The Book of Ebenezer Le Page, New York 2007, page 10:
      She had a down on me. I don't know what for, I'm sure; because I never said a word.
  3. An act of swallowing an entire drink at once.
  4. (American football) A single play, from the time the ball is snapped (the start) to the time the whistle is blown (the end) when the ball is down, or is downed.
    I bet after the third down, the kicker will replace the quarterback on the field.
  5. (crosswords) A clue whose solution runs vertically in the grid.
    I haven't solved 12 or 13 across, but I've got most of the downs.
  6. A downstairs room of a two-story house.
    She lives in a two-up two-down.
  7. Down payment.
TranslationsEdit

Derived termsEdit

Terms derived from the adjective, adverb, preposition, noun, or verb down

ReferencesEdit

  • Andrea Tyler and Vyvyan Evans, "Spatial particles of orientation", in The Semantics of English Prepositions: Spatial Scenes, Embodied Meaning and Cognition, Cambridge University Press, 2003, 0-521-81430 8

Etymology 2Edit

From Middle English doun, from Old English dūn, from Proto-Germanic *dūnaz, *dūnǭ (“sandhill, dune”), probably borrowed from Proto-Celtic *dūnom (“hill; hillfort”) (compare Welsh din (“hill”), Irish dún (“hill, fort”)), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰewh₂- (“to finish, come full circle”). Cognate with West Frisian dún (“dune, sandhill”), Dutch duin (“dune, sandhill”), German Düne (“dune”). More at town; akin to dune.

NounEdit

down (countable and uncountable, plural downs)

  1. (especially southern England) A hill, especially a chalk hill; rolling grassland
    We went for a walk over the downs.
    The North Downs are a ridge of chalk hills in south east England.
    • 1610, William Shakespeare, The Tempest, act 4 scene 1
      And with each end of thy blue bow dost crown / My bosky acres and my unshrubb'd down
    • 1691, John Ray, The Wisdom of God Manifested in the Works of the Creation, London: Pr. for S. Smith, OCLC 49840862:
      ...as they muſt needs acknowledge who have been on the Downs of Suſſex, and enjoyed that ravishing Proſpect of the Sea on one Hand, and the Country far and wide on the other.
    • 1842, Alfred Tennyson, “Lady Clare”, in Poems, London: Edward Moxon, OCLC 896031040, page 198:
      She went by dale, and she went by down, / With a single rose in her hair.
  2. (usually in the plural) A field, especially one used for horse racing.
  3. (Britain, chiefly in the plural) A tract of poor, sandy, undulating or hilly land near the sea, covered with fine turf which serves chiefly for the grazing of sheep.
    • 1636, George Sandys, “A Paraphrase Vpon Iob”, in Early English Books‎[6]:
      Seven thousand broad-taild Sheepe gras'd on his Downes;
Derived termsEdit
TranslationsEdit
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables, removing any numbers. Numbers do not necessarily match those in definitions. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Etymology 3Edit

Middle English, borrowed into West Germanic from Old Norse dúnn, from Proto-Germanic *dūna- (“down”), which is related to *dauniz (“(pleasant) smell”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰowh₂-nis, from the root *dʰewh₂-.

Cognate with Saterland Frisian Duune (“fluff, down”), German Daune (“down”) and Danish dun (“down”).

NounEdit

down (countable and uncountable, plural downs)

  2. Soft, fluffy immature feathers which grow on young birds. Used as insulating material in duvets, sleeping bags and jackets.
  3. (botany) The pubescence of plants; the hairy crown or envelope of the seeds of certain plants, such as the thistle.
    • 1718, Nicholas Culpeper, The English Physician Enlarged, London: W. Churchill, OCLC 316759094, page 120:
      Down or Cotton-Thiſtle. This hath many large Leaves lying on the Ground, ſomewhat cut in, and as it were crumpled on the Edges, of a green Colour on the upper ſide, but covered with long hairy Wool or Cottony Down, ſet with moſt ſharp and cruel pricks
    • 1998, Valerie Worth, The Crone's Book of Charms and Spells, Minnesota: Llewellyn Publications, →ISBN, page 152:
      No candle should light it, neither should any flower adorn it, save for several dried stalks of old and withered thistles, their heads pale with silken down, held in a common glass jar.
  4. The soft hair of the face when beginning to appear.
    • 1717, John Dryden, The Dramatick Works of John Dryden, Esq., volume the fourth, London: Jacob Tonson, OCLC 83307675, page 136:
      But love him as he was, when youthful Grace, / And the firſt Down began to ſhade his face
    • 1867, Ivan Sergheïevitch Turgenef [i.e., Ivan Turgenev], chapter I, in Eugene Schuyler, transl., Fathers and Sons […], New York, N.Y.: Leypoldt and Holt, OCLC 1320657, page 1:
      The servant to whom he put this question was a young fellow with chubby cheeks, small, dull eyes, and a round chin, covered with a colorless down.
  5. That which is made of down, as a bed or pillow; that which affords ease and repose, like a bed of down.
    • 1747, Thomas Southerne, Oroonoko, London: C. Hitch; J. Brindley; J. King; T. Waller; R. Wellington; J. New; and C. Bathurst, OCLC 10806842, page 75:
      Thou Bosom Softneſs! Down of all my Cares! / I could recline my Thoughts upon this Breaſt
    • 1857, Alfred Tennyson, The poetical works of Alfred Tennyson, poet laureate, Boston: Ticknor and Fields, OCLC 1317272, In Memoriam A.H.H.:
      When in the down I sink my head, / Sleep, Death's twin brother, times my breath.
TranslationsEdit

VerbEdit

down (third-person singular simple present downs, present participle downing, simple past and past participle downed)

  1. (transitive) To cover, ornament, line, or stuff with down.
    • 1742, Edward Young, The Complaint: or, Night-thoughts on Life, Death, & Immortality, London: R. Dodsley, OCLC 54334640, page 264:
      What pain to quit the world, just made their own, / Their nest so deeply downed, and built so high !

Further readingEdit

  • Kroonen, Guus (2013) , “dauna-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 90

AnagramsEdit

DutchEdit

EtymologyEdit

Borrowed from English down.

PronunciationEdit

AdjectiveEdit

down (used only predicatively, comparative meer down, superlative meest down)

  1. down, depressed

SynonymsEdit

AnagramsEdit

GermanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From English down.

PronunciationEdit

AdjectiveEdit

down (not comparable)

  1. (colloquial) down, depressed
  2. (Internet, of websites and servers) down, not online
  3. (video games) down, defeated, without health left

Further readingEdit

  • “down” in Duden online

WelshEdit

Alternative formsEdit

  • dawn (colloquial first-person plural future)
  • delwn, deswn, dethwn (colloquial first-person singular conditional)
  • deuwn (literary; all forms)

PronunciationEdit

VerbEdit

down

  1. first-person plural present/future of dod
  2. first-person singular imperfect/conditional of dod
  3. (literary) first-person plural imperative of dod

MutationEdit

Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
down ddown nown unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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