Wiktionary

京

See also: 亰
京 U+4EAC, 京
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EAC
← 享
[U+4EAB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 亭 →
[U+4EAD]

Translingual edit

Stroke order
 

Han character edit

京 (Kangxi radical 8, 亠+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 卜口火 (YRF), four-corner 00906, composition ⿳亠口小)

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 88, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 299
  • Dae Jaweon: page 187, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 284, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+4EAC

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
 京
alternative forms 亰
𡬱
𢂋
𦣿
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 京 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 京 (Cantonese)
  • 京 (Classical)

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 京
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
Oracle bone script
 

j13492

 

j13493

 

j13494

 

j13495

 

j13496

 

j13497

 

j13498

 

j13499

 

j13500

 

j13501

 

j13502

 

j13503

 

j13504

 

j13505

 

j13506

 

j13507

 

j13508

Bronze inscriptions
 

b08306

 

b08307

 

b08308

 

b08309

 

b08310

 

b08311

 

b08312

 

b08313

 

b08314

 

b08315

 

b08316

 

b08317

 

b08318

 

b08319

 

b08320

 

b08321

 

b08322

 

b08323

 

b08324

Small seal script
 

s03835

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L33123

 

L33124

 

L33125

 

L33126

 

L33127

 

L33128

 

L33129

 

L33130

 

L33131

 

L10565

 

L10566

 

L10567

 

L10568

 

L10569

 

L10570

 

L10571

 

L10572

 

L10573

 

L10574

 

L10575

 

L10576

 

L10577

 

L10578

 

L10579

 

L10580

 

L10581

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (京) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
涼 *ɡ·raŋ, *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raŋs
凉 *ɡ·raŋ
椋 *ɡ·raŋ
綡 *ɡ·raŋ
輬 *ɡ·raŋ
諒 *ɡ·raŋs
掠 *ɡ·raŋs, *ɡ·raɡ
弶 *ɡaŋs
京 *kraŋ
麖 *kraŋ
鶁 *kraŋ
景 *kraŋʔ
鯨 *ɡraŋ
黥 *ɡraŋ
勍 *ɡraŋ
剠 *ɡraŋ
倞 *ɡraŋs
影 *qraŋʔ
璟 *qraŋʔ, *kʷraŋʔ
憬 *kʷraŋʔ
暻 *kʷraŋʔ
澋 *ɡʷraːŋʔ

According to Shuowen, from 高 (gāo), where the lower 口 (kǒu) is reduced to 丨 (gǔn).

Etymology 1 edit

Either from:

Within Chinese, cognate with 景 (OC *kraŋʔ, “large”), 鯨 (OC *ɡraŋ, “whale”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation edit

Note:
  • kiaⁿ - vernacular;
  • keng - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 京
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kin⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kin²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /keŋ⁵³/
Nanning /keŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kiã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiã³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ²³/
Rime
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 庚 (111)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 舉卿切
Baxter kjaeng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠiæŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚiaŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiaŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kiajŋ/
Li
Rong 		/kiɐŋ/
Wang
Li 		/kĭɐŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ki̯ɐŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jīng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		ging1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jīng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjæng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]raŋ/
English hill; capital city

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 京
Reading # 1/1
No. 6828
Phonetic
component 		京
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		驚
Old
Chinese 		/*kraŋ/

Definitions edit

京

  1. ⁜ capital (city)
    京城  ―  jīngchéng  ―  capital city
    京畿  ―  jīngjī  ―  capital city and its surrounding area
    泰京  ―  Tàijīng  ―  (Thailand) Bangkok (the capital city of Thailand)
    墨京  ―  Mòjīng  ―  (dated) Mexico City (the capital city of Mexico)
  2. Short for 北京 (Běijīng, “Beijing”). after 1949
    京劇／京剧  ―  jīngjù  ―  Beijing opera
    京腔  ―  jīngqiāng  ―  Beijing accent
  3. Short for 南京 (Nánjīng, “Nanjing”). during 1927 - 1948
  4. Short for 京都 (jīngdū, “Kyoto”). when referring Japan-related topics
  5. † tall mound
  6. † large barn
  7. † large; great
  8. † ten million, 107
  9. † ten quadrillion, 1016
  10. † septillion, 1024
  11. † A hundred nonillion, 1032
See also edit
Chinese numerals
104 108 1012 1016 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044 1048
萬／万 (wàn) 億／亿 (yì) 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) 垓 (gāi) 秭 (zǐ) 穰 (ráng) 溝／沟 (gōu) 澗／涧 (jiàn) 正 (zhèng) 載／载 (zài) 極／极 (jí)
萬億／万亿 (wànyì)
(Mainland China) 		億億/亿亿
(Mainland China)

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (京):
  • → Japanese: 京(きょう) (kyō); 京(けい) (kei)
  • → Korean: 경(京) (gyeong)
  • → Vietnamese: kinh (京)

References edit

Etymology 2 edit

From Vietnamese Kinh, via Cantonese.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 京
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕiŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiŋ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
/t͡ɕi¹³/ ～陵城
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kin⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kin²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /keŋ⁵³/
Nanning /keŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kiŋ⁵⁵/
/kiã⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kiã³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /keŋ²³/

Adjective edit

京

  1. ethnic Vietnamese from China

Compounds edit

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

京

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. capital city
  2. ten quadrillion (short scale); ten thousand billion (long scale); 1016
  3. Tokyo
  4. Kyoto

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
京
きょう
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng).

Noun edit

京(きょう) • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?

  1. capital city
  2. Short for 京都 (Kyōto, “Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)”).
    京言葉(きょうことば) (kyōkotoba)
    京(きょう)の着倒(きだお)れ、大阪(おおさか)の食(く)い倒(だお)れ
    Kyō no kidaore, Ōsaka no kuidaore
    Spend Your Money on Fashion in Kyoto, eat till you’re broke in Osaka

Affix edit

京(きょう) • (kyō) ←きやう (kyau)?

  1. capital city
    Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
  2. (specifically) Kyōto (a city in Kyōto, Japan)
    Synonym: (literary) 洛 (raku)
  3. (especially) Tōkyō (a province of Japan)
    上京(じょうきょう) (jōkyō)

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
京
みやこ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

宮 (miya, “imperial palace”) +‎ 処 (ko, “place”).

Noun edit

京(みやこ) • (miyako) 

  1. the place where the emperor resides
  2. a city that acts as an economic and political center; capital
  3. metropolis

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
京
けい
Grade: 2
on’yomi

Number edit

京(けい) • (kei) 

  1. 10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion

See also edit

Japanese numerical compounds with 京(けい) (kei)
1016 2 × 1016 3 × 1016 4 × 1016 5 × 1016 6 × 1016 7 × 1016 8 × 1016 9 × 1016 1017 1018
一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 二(に)京(けい) (nikei) 三(さん)京(けい) (sankei) 四(よん)京(けい) (yonkei) 五(ご)京(けい) (gokei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 七(なな)京(けい) (nanakei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 九(きゅう)京(けい) (kyūkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

Korean edit

Alternative forms edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese 京 (MC kjaeng). (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “what is its historical reading?”)

Hanja edit

京 (eumhun 서울 경 (seoul gyeong))
京 (eumhun 경 경 (gyeong gyeong))

  1. Hanja form? of 경 (“capital”).
  2. Hanja form? of 경 (“10,000,000,000,000,000, 1016, (US) ten quadrillion, (UK) ten thousand billion”).

Compounds edit

See also edit

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
  • Supreme Court of the Republic of Korea (대한민국 대법원, Daehanmin'guk Daebeobwon) (2018). Table of hanja for personal names (인명용 한자표 / 人名用漢字表, Inmyeong-yong hanja-pyo), page 3. [3]

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

京: Hán Việt readings: kinh[1][2][3][4][5][6], nguyên
京: Nôm readings: kinh[1][2][3], kiêng[1][2][3][7], kềnh[1], kình[1]

Noun edit

京 • (kinh)

  1. chữ Hán form of kinh (“capital city”).

Adjective edit

京 • (Kinh)

  1. chữ Hán form of Kinh (“ethnically Vietnamese”).

Verb edit

京 • (kiêng)

  1. Nôm form of kiêng (“to respect”).

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
  5. ^ Trần (1999).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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