iad

See also: IAD and -iad

Irish

Etymology

From Middle Irish íat (“they, them”), from Old Irish é, ía (“they”) (plural of é (“he”)) with the addition of the 3rd person plural verb ending.

Cognate with Welsh hwy ~ hwynt, Breton i ~ int, with the same addition of the verb ending.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iəd̪ˠ/

Pronoun

iad (emphatic form iadsan, disjunctive)

1. they, them

See also

Irish personal pronouns

	person		conjunctive (emphatic)	disjunctive (emphatic)	possessive determiner
singular	first		mé (mise)		mo L m' before vowel sounds
	second		tú (tusa)1	thú (thusa)	do L d' before vowel sounds
	third	m	sé (seisean)	é (eisean)	a L
		f	sí (sise)	í (ise)	a H
		n	—	ea	—
plural	first		muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne)		ár E
	second		sibh (sibhse)1		bhur E
	third		siad (siadsan)	iad (iadsan)	a E

^L Triggers lenition   ^E Triggers eclipsis   ^H Triggers h-prothesis

¹ Also used as the vocative

The reflexive is formed by adding féin to the relevant pronoun.
For instance, "myself" = mé féin, "yourselves" = sibh féin.

Mutation

Mutated forms of iad

radical	eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
iad	n-iad	hiad	not applicable

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “iad”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “íat”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “iad”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “iad”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2025

Romanian

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Church Slavonic адъ (adŭ), from Ancient Greek ᾍδης (Hā́idēs). Compare Bulgarian ад (ad).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈjad/
• Rhymes: -ad
• Hyphenation: iad

• Audio:

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Noun

iad n (plural iaduri)

1. hell

   Synonyms: infern, gheenă

Declension

Declension of iad

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	iad	iadul		iaduri	iadurile
genitive-dative	iad	iadului		iaduri	iadurilor
vocative	iadule			iadurilor

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Middle Irish íat. Cognates include Irish iad and Manx ad.

Pronunciation

• (Lewis) IPA^(key): /at̪/, (accented) /ˈi.at̪/, /ˈe.at̪/, [ˈɪ.at̪]
• (North Uist) IPA^(key): /at̪/, (accented) /aːt̪/
• (Benbecula, South Uist, Barra) IPA^(key): /at̪/, (accented) /ɛːt̪/
• (Wester Ross) IPA^(key): /atʲ/, (accented) /ɛːtʲ/ (as if spelled aid or èid)

Pronoun

iad (emphatic iadsan)

1. third-person plural pronoun; they, them

   Bha iad a' teagasg Seamus. ― They were teaching James.

Derived terms

• iad seo
• iad sin

See also

Scottish Gaelic personal pronouns

		simple		emphatic
		singular	plural	singular	plural
first person		mi	sinn	mise	sinne
second person		thu, tu1	sibh2	thusa, tusa1	sibhse2
third person	m	e	iad	esan	iadsan
	f	i		ise

¹ Used when following a verb ending in -n, -s or -dh.
² sibh and sibhse also act as the polite singular pronouns.
To mark a direct object of a verbal noun, the derivatives of gam are used.

Further reading

• MacBain, Alexander, Mackay, Eneas (1911) “iad”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language‎^[2], Stirling, →ISBN

Welsh

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -aːd

Noun

iad f (plural iadau)

1. Crown of the head, pate; top, summit.

Mutation

Mutated forms of iad

radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
iad	unchanged	unchanged	hiad

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.