ár

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ar"

Faroese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɔaːɹ]
• Rhymes: -ɔaːɹ

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.

Noun

ár n (genitive singular árs, plural ár)

1. year

Declension

Declension of ár
n3	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árið	ár	árini
accusative	ár	árið	ár	árini
dative	ári	árinum	árum	árunum
genitive	árs	ársins	ára	áranna

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).

Noun

ár f (genitive singular árar, plural árar)

1. oar

Declension

f6	Singular		Plural
	Indefinite	Definite	Indefinite	Definite
Nominative	ár	árin	árar	árarnar
Accusative	ár	árina	árar	árarnar
Dative	ár	árini	árum	árunum
Genitive	árar	árarinnar	ára	áranna

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Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈaːr]

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aːr
• Hyphenation: ár

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finno-Ugric *arwa (“price, value”).

Noun

ár (plural árak)

2. price

   borsos ár ― an exorbitant price

   borsos ára van ― cost a pretty penny, cost an arm and a leg

3. (figuratively) cost (a negative consequence or loss that occurs or is required to occur)

Declension

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	ár	árak
accusative	árat	árakat
dative	árnak	áraknak
instrumental	árral	árakkal
causal-final	árért	árakért
translative	árrá	árakká
terminative	árig	árakig
essive-formal	árként	árakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	árban	árakban
superessive	áron	árakon
adessive	árnál	áraknál
illative	árba	árakba
sublative	árra	árakra
allative	árhoz	árakhoz
elative	árból	árakból
delative	árról	árakról
ablative	ártól	áraktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	áré	áraké
non-attributive possessive - plural	áréi	árakéi

Possessive forms of ár
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	áram	áraim
2nd person sing.	árad	áraid
3rd person sing.	ára	árai
1st person plural	árunk	áraink
2nd person plural	áratok	áraitok
3rd person plural	áruk	áraik

Derived terms

Compound words

• árajánlat
• árbevétel
• árcsökkenés
• árcsökkentés
• áremelés
• áremelkedés
• árérzékeny
• árfolyam
• ármerevség
• árverés
• irányár
• vételár

 

Expressions

• borsos ár

 

Etymology 2

From Proto-Ugric *ϑarɜ (“temporary lake coming into being during flood”).

Noun

ár (plural árak)

2. flood

   Synonyms: árvíz, áradás

3. high tide, flow (as opposed to the ebb)

   Synonym: dagály

Declension

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	ár	árak
accusative	árt	árakat
dative	árnak	áraknak
instrumental	árral	árakkal
causal-final	árért	árakért
translative	árrá	árakká
terminative	árig	árakig
essive-formal	árként	árakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	árban	árakban
superessive	áron	árakon
adessive	árnál	áraknál
illative	árba	árakba
sublative	árra	árakra
allative	árhoz	árakhoz
elative	árból	árakból
delative	árról	árakról
ablative	ártól	áraktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	áré	áraké
non-attributive possessive - plural	áréi	árakéi

Possessive forms of ár
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	áram	árjaim
2nd person sing.	árad	árjaid
3rd person sing.	árja	árjai
1st person plural	árunk	árjaink
2nd person plural	áratok	árjaitok
3rd person plural	árjuk	árjaik

Derived terms

(Compound words):

• árapály, árvíz, szökőár

Etymology 3

From the Proto-Finno-Ugric *ora (“awl”).

Noun

ár (plural árak)

2. awl (pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood)

Declension

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	ár	árak
accusative	árt	árakat
dative	árnak	áraknak
instrumental	árral	árakkal
causal-final	árért	árakért
translative	árrá	árakká
terminative	árig	árakig
essive-formal	árként	árakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	árban	árakban
superessive	áron	árakon
adessive	árnál	áraknál
illative	árba	árakba
sublative	árra	árakra
allative	árhoz	árakhoz
elative	árból	árakból
delative	árról	árakról
ablative	ártól	áraktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	áré	áraké
non-attributive possessive - plural	áréi	árakéi

Possessive forms of ár
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	áram	árjaim
2nd person sing.	árad	árjaid
3rd person sing.	árja	árjai
1st person plural	árunk	árjaink
2nd person plural	áratok	árjaitok
3rd person plural	árjuk	árjaik

Etymology 4

From German Ar (“are”) and French are (“are”), from Latin ārea (“threshing floor”).

Noun

ár (plural árak)

2. are (accepted SI unit of area equal to 100 square metres)

Declension

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)
	singular	plural
nominative	ár	árak
accusative	árt	árakat
dative	árnak	áraknak
instrumental	árral	árakkal
causal-final	árért	árakért
translative	árrá	árakká
terminative	árig	árakig
essive-formal	árként	árakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	árban	árakban
superessive	áron	árakon
adessive	árnál	áraknál
illative	árba	árakba
sublative	árra	árakra
allative	árhoz	árakhoz
elative	árból	árakból
delative	árról	árakról
ablative	ártól	áraktól
non-attributive possessive - singular	áré	áraké
non-attributive possessive - plural	áréi	árakéi

Possessive forms of ár
possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	áram	árjaim
2nd person sing.	árad	árjaid
3rd person sing.	árja	árjai
1st person plural	árunk	árjaink
2nd person plural	áratok	árjaitok
3rd person plural	árjuk	árjaik

Derived terms

• hektár

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Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /auːr/, /auːr̥/
• Rhymes: -auːr

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airi. Cognates include: Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air, “early”), Old English ār and ærlice (English early).

Adverb

ár

1. (rare) early

Derived terms

• ár og síð

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yōr- < *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.

Noun

ár n (genitive singular árs, nominative plural ár)

1. year
2. indefinite accusative singular of ár
3. indefinite nominative plural of ár
4. indefinite accusative plural of ár

Declension

declension of ár

n-s	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árið	ár	árin
accusative	ár	árið	ár	árin
dative	ári	árinu	árum	árunum
genitive	árs	ársins	ára	áranna

Derived terms

• gleðilegt nýtt ár
• gleðilegt ár
• hlaupaár
• nýár
• áramót
• árlegur
• ártíð
• í ár

 

Etymology 3

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).

Noun

ár f (genitive singular árar, nominative plural árar)

1. oar
2. indefinite accusative singular of ár
3. indefinite dative singular of ár

Declension

declension of ár

f-s1	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árin	árar	árarnar
accusative	ár	árina	árar	árarnar
dative	ár	árinni	árum	árunum
genitive	árar	árarinnar	ára	áranna

Derived terms

• koma ár sinni vel fyrir borð (“to do well for oneself”)
• leggja árar í bát (“to give up”)
• róa öllum árum að (“to employ all available means towards getting something done”)
• taka djúpt í árinni (“to express oneself forcefully”)
• árabátur
• árinni kennir illur ræðari

 

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the main entry.

Noun

ár f

1. inflection of á:
   1. indefinite genitive/accusative singular
   2. indefinite nominative plural

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Irish

Etymology 1

From Old Irish ar, from Proto-Celtic *anserom, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥serōm, from *nes- (“we, us”); compare German unser.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːɾˠ/, /əɾˠ/, /ə/

Determiner

ár (triggers eclipsis)

1. our

   ár dteach ― our house

   Ár nAthair ― Our Father

See also

Irish personal pronouns

Number	Person (and gender)	Conjunctive (emphatic)	Disjunctive (emphatic)	Possessive determiner
Singular	First	mé (mise)		mo L m' before vowel sounds
	Second	tú (tusa)1	thú (thusa)	do L d' before vowel sounds
	Third masculine	sé (seisean)	é (eisean)	a L
	Third feminine	sí (sise)	í (ise)	a H
Plural	First	muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne)		ár E
	Second	sibh (sibhse)1		bhur E
	Third	siad (siadsan)	iad (iadsan)	a E

^L Triggers lenition ^E Triggers eclipsis ^H Triggers h-prothesis

¹ Also used as the vocative

The reflexive is formed by adding féin to the relevant pronoun: e.g. "myself" = mé féin, "yourselves" = sibh féin.

Etymology 2

From Old Irish ár (“slaughter”), from Proto-Celtic *agros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːɾˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /æːɾˠ/

Noun

ár m (genitive singular áir)

1. slaughter, carnage
2. havoc, destruction

Declension

Declension of ár

First declension

Bare forms (no plural of this noun) Case Singular Nominative ár Vocative a áir Genitive áir Dative ár

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Nominative an t-ár Genitive an áir Dative leis an ár don ár

Derived terms

• mucár
• páirc an áir

 

Etymology 3

Borrowed from French are, from Latin area.

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɑːɾˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /æːɾˠ/

Noun

ár m (genitive singular áir, nominative plural áir)

1. are (unit of area equal to 100 square metres)

Declension

Declension of ár

First declension

Bare forms: Case Singular Plural Nominative ár áir Vocative a áir a ára Genitive áir ár Dative ár áir

Forms with the definite article: Case Singular Plural Nominative an t-ár na háir Genitive an áir na n-ár Dative leis an ár don ár leis na háir

Mutation

Irish mutation
Radical	Eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ár	n-ár	hár	t-ár
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

• "ár" in Foclóir Gaeilge-Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
• “ár” in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, Irish Texts Society, 2nd ed., 1927, by Patrick S. Dinneen.
• Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “5 ar (‘our’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “ár”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
• Finck, F. N. (1899), Die araner mundart, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. II, p. 16.

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Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *agrom (“slaughter”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍‎ (azrōdaiδī, “hunt”).

Noun

ár n (nominative plural ár or ára)

1. slaughter, carnage
   • c. 875, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 34a19

     donaib araib

     glosses ad strages

2. defeat, destruction
   • c. 875, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 33d4

     du ár

     glosses ad cedem

   • c. 875, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 113b4

     etarcnae áir mo namat

     glosses de cede hostium

Inflection

Neuter o-stem
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	árN	árN	árL, ára
Vocative	árN	árN	árL, ára
Accusative	árN	árN	árL, ára
Genitive	áirL	ár	árN
Dative	árL	áraib, áirib	áraib, áirib
Initial mutations of a following adjective: H = triggers aspiration L = triggers lenition N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• árchú
• ármag

 

Descendants

• Irish: ár
• Manx: haar
• Scottish Gaelic: àr

Mutation

Old Irish mutation
Radical	Lenition	Nasalization
ár	unchanged	n-ár
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “ár”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

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Old Norse

Pronunciation

• (9th century West Norse) IPA^(key): /ˈaːr/
• (12th century Icelandic) IPA^(key): /ˈɔːr/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year”). Cognate with Old English ġēar, Old Frisian jār, Old Saxon jār, Old Dutch jār, Old High German jār, Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr).
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yōr- < *yeh₁r- (“year”).

Noun

ár n (genitive árs, plural ár)

1. a year
   • Vǫluspá, verse 6, lines 9-10, in 1860, T. Möbius, Edda Sæmundar hins fróða: mit einem Anhang zum Theil bisher ungedruckter Gedichte. Leipzig, page 2:

     […] undorn ok aptan, / árum at telja.

     […] undern and evening, / years to count.

2. plenty, abundance
   • Saga Sigurðar Jórsalafara 53, in 1832, R. Rask, Fornmanna sögur, Volume VII. Copenhagen, page 174:

     […] þvíat þá var bæði ár og friðr.

     […] since then there were both plenty and peace.

3. the name of the A-rune

Declension

  Declension of ár (strong a-stem)

neuter	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árit	ár	árin
accusative	ár	árit	ár	árin
dative	ári	árinu	árum	árunum
genitive	árs	ársins	ára	áranna

Derived terms

Terms derived from ár

• árangr (“season”)
• áratal (“number of years”)
• áratala (“calculation of years”)
• árbót (“bettereing of the season of produce”)
• árbýll (“dwelling in abundance”)
• árferð (“season”)
• árgallalauss (“fertile”)
• árgalli (“failure of crop”)
• árgangr (“year's course”)
• árguð (“Frey”)
• árlangt, árlengis (“for a year”)
• árliga (“yearly”)

• árligr (“annual, early”)
• ármaðr (“steward”)
• ármenning (“stewardship”)
• ársamr (“fertile”)
• árskyld (“yearly rent”)
• ársæli (“fact of having good seasons”)
• ársæll (“happy in having good seasons”)
• ártal (“reckoning by years”)
• ártekja (“yearly rent”)
• árvíð (“anniversary of man's death”)
• árvænligr, árvænn (“promising a good season”)

Descendants

• Icelandic: ár
• Faroese: ár
• Norwegian: år (Bokmål), år (Nynorsk)
• Old Swedish: ār
  • Swedish: år
• Old Danish: aar
  • Danish: år
• Westrobothnian: jår, år, ɑr, ar; jaar

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *airi (“early”). Cognate with Old English ār, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air).

Adverb

ár (not comparable)

1. early, anciently

Descendants

• Icelandic: ár, árla
• Norwegian: årle (Bokmål), årle (Nynorsk)
• Swedish: arla (“early in the morning”)

Etymology 3

From Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old English ār.

Noun

ár f (genitive árar, plural árar)

1. oar

Declension

  Declension of ár (strong ō-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árin	árar	árarnar
accusative	ár	árina	árar	árarnar
dative	ár	árinni	árum	árunum
genitive	árar	árarinnar	ára	áranna

Descendants

• Icelandic: ár
• Faroese: ár
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: åre

  Nynorsk: år, åre

• Old Swedish: ār, āra
  • Swedish: åra
• Danish: åre
• Westrobothnian: ar
• → Kildin Sami: а̄ррьй (ārrʹj)

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the main entry.

Noun

ár

1. genitive singular of á
2. nominative plural of á
3. accusative plural of á

References

• ár in An Icelandic-English Dictionary, R. Cleasby and G. Vigfússon, Clarendon Press, 1874, at Internet Archive.
• ár in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at Internet Archive.

^ Kildin Sami vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.