ár
FaroeseEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.
NounEdit
ár n (genitive singular árs, plural ár)
DeclensionEdit
Declension of ár | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n3 | singular | plural | ||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | ár | árið | ár | árini |
accusative | ár | árið | ár | árini |
dative | ári | árinum | árum | árunum |
genitive | árs | ársins | ára | áranna |
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).
NounEdit
ár f (genitive singular árar, plural árar)
DeclensionEdit
f6 | Singular | Plural | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
Nominative | ár | árin | árar | árarnar |
Accusative | ár | árina | árar | árarnar |
Dative | ár | árini | árum | árunum |
Genitive | árar | árarinnar | ára | áranna |
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Finno-Ugric *arwa (“price, value”). Related to Proto-Finnic *arvo (“worth, value”).[1]
NounEdit
ár (plural árak)
- price
- borsos ár ― an exorbitant price
- borsos ára van ― cost a pretty penny, cost an arm and a leg
- (figuratively) cost (a negative consequence or loss that occurs or is required to occur)
DeclensionEdit
Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árat | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | áraim |
2nd person sing. | árad | áraid |
3rd person sing. | ára | árai |
1st person plural | árunk | áraink |
2nd person plural | áratok | áraitok |
3rd person plural | áruk | áraik |
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Ugric *ϑarɜ (“temporary lake coming into being during flood”).[2]
NounEdit
ár (plural árak)
DeclensionEdit
Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árt | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | árjaim |
2nd person sing. | árad | árjaid |
3rd person sing. | árja | árjai |
1st person plural | árunk | árjaink |
2nd person plural | áratok | árjaitok |
3rd person plural | árjuk | árjaik |
Derived termsEdit
(Compound words):
Etymology 3Edit
From the Proto-Finno-Ugric *ora (“awl”).[3]
NounEdit
ár (plural árak)
- awl (pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood)
DeclensionEdit
Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árt | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | árjaim |
2nd person sing. | árad | árjaid |
3rd person sing. | árja | árjai |
1st person plural | árunk | árjaink |
2nd person plural | áratok | árjaitok |
3rd person plural | árjuk | árjaik |
Etymology 4Edit
From German Ar (“are”) and French are (“are”), from Latin ārea (“threshing floor”).[4]
NounEdit
ár (plural árak)
- are (accepted SI unit of area equal to 100 square metres)
DeclensionEdit
Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ár | árak |
accusative | árt | árakat |
dative | árnak | áraknak |
instrumental | árral | árakkal |
causal-final | árért | árakért |
translative | árrá | árakká |
terminative | árig | árakig |
essive-formal | árként | árakként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | árban | árakban |
superessive | áron | árakon |
adessive | árnál | áraknál |
illative | árba | árakba |
sublative | árra | árakra |
allative | árhoz | árakhoz |
elative | árból | árakból |
delative | árról | árakról |
ablative | ártól | áraktól |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
áré | áraké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
áréi | árakéi |
Possessive forms of ár | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | áram | árjaim |
2nd person sing. | árad | árjaid |
3rd person sing. | árja | árjai |
1st person plural | árunk | árjaink |
2nd person plural | áratok | árjaitok |
3rd person plural | árjuk | árjaik |
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ^ Entry #26 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungary.
- ^ Entry #1747 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungary.
- ^ Entry #676 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungary.
- ^ Zaicz, Gábor. Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN
Further readingEdit
- ár in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (’A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress)
- (price): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.
- (flood/flow): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.
- (awl): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.
- (are [unit of area]): ár in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh: A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (’The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962.
IcelandicEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airi. Cognates include: Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air, “early”), Old English ār and ærlice (English early).[1]
AdverbEdit
ár
- (rare) early
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yōr- < *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.
NounEdit
ár n (genitive singular árs, nominative plural ár)
- year
- indefinite accusative singular of ár
- indefinite nominative plural of ár
- indefinite accusative plural of ár
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).[1]
NounEdit
ár f (genitive singular árar, nominative plural árar)
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
- koma ár sinni vel fyrir borð (“to do well for oneself”)
- leggja árar í bát (“to give up”)
- róa öllum árum að (“to employ all available means towards getting something done”)
- taka djúpt í árinni (“to express oneself forcefully”)
- árabátur
- árinni kennir illur ræðari
Etymology 4Edit
See the etymology of the main entry.
NounEdit
ár f
- inflection of á (“river”):
ReferencesEdit
IrishEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Old Irish ar, from Proto-Celtic *anserom, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥serōm, from *nos (“we, us”); compare German unser.
PronunciationEdit
DeterminerEdit
ár (triggers eclipsis)
- our
- ár dteach ― our house
See alsoEdit
Number | Person (and gender) | Conjunctive (emphatic) |
Disjunctive (emphatic) |
Possessive determiner |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | mé (mise) |
mo L m' before vowel sounds | |
Second | tú (tusa)1 |
thú (thusa) |
do L d' before vowel sounds | |
Third masculine | sé (seisean) |
é (eisean) |
a L | |
Third feminine | sí (sise) |
í (ise) |
a H | |
Plural | First | muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne) |
ár E | |
Second | sibh (sibhse)1 |
bhur E | ||
Third | siad (siadsan) |
iad (iadsan) |
a E |
Etymology 2Edit
From Old Irish ár (“slaughter”), from Proto-Celtic *agros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
ár m (genitive singular áir)
DeclensionEdit
Bare forms (no plural of this noun)
|
Forms with the definite article:
|
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 3Edit
Borrowed from French are, from Latin area.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
ár m (genitive singular áir, nominative plural áir)
- are (unit of area equal to 100 square metres)
DeclensionEdit
MutationEdit
Irish mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
Radical | Eclipsis | with h-prothesis | with t-prothesis |
ár | n-ár | hár | t-ár |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
ReferencesEdit
- "ár" in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, An Gúm, 1977, by Niall Ó Dónaill.
- “ár” in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, Irish Texts Society, 2nd ed., 1927, by Patrick S. Dinneen.
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “5 ar (‘our’)”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “ár”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Finck, F. N. (1899), Die araner mundart, Marburg: Elwert’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, vol. II, p. 16.
MizoEdit
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
ár
Old IrishEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Proto-Celtic *agrom (“slaughter”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaiδī, “hunt”).
NounEdit
ár n (nominative plural ár or ára)
- slaughter, carnage
- defeat, destruction
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 33d4
- du ár
- glosses ad cedem
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 113b4
- etarcnae áir mo namat
- glosses de cede hostium
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 33d4
InflectionEdit
Neuter o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | árN | árN | árL, ára |
Vocative | árN | árN | árL, ára |
Accusative | árN | árN | árL, ára |
Genitive | áirL | ár | árN |
Dative | árL | áraib, áirib | áraib, áirib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
MutationEdit
Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
ár | unchanged | n-ár |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
Further readingEdit
- Gregory Toner, Maire Ní Mhaonaigh, Sharon Arbuthnot, Dagmar Wodtko, Maire-Luise Theuerkauf, editors (2019) , “ár”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Old NorseEdit
PronunciationEdit
Etymology 1Edit
From Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year”). Cognate with Old English ġēar (English year), Old Frisian jār, Old Saxon jār, Old Dutch jār, Old High German jār, Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr).
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yōr- < *yeh₁r- (“year”).
NounEdit
ár n (genitive árs, plural ár)
DeclensionEdit
Derived termsEdit
- árangr (“season”)
- áratal (“number of years”)
- áratala (“calculation of years”)
- árbót (“bettereing of the season of produce”)
- árbýll (“dwelling in abundance”)
- árferð (“season”)
- árgallalauss (“fertile”)
- árgalli (“failure of crop”)
- árgangr (“year's course”)
- árguð (“Frey”)
- árlangt, árlengis (“for a year”)
- árliga (“yearly”)
- árligr (“annual, early”)
- ármaðr (“steward”)
- ármenning (“stewardship”)
- ársamr (“fertile”)
- árskyld (“yearly rent”)
- ársæli (“fact of having good seasons”)
- ársæll (“happy in having good seasons”)
- ártal (“reckoning by years”)
- ártekja (“yearly rent”)
- árvíð (“anniversary of man's death”)
- árvænligr, árvænn (“promising a good season”)
DescendantsEdit
- Icelandic: ár
- Faroese: ár
- Norwegian: år (Bokmål), år (Nynorsk)
- Old Swedish: ār
- Swedish: år
- Old Danish: aar
- Danish: år
- Westrobothnian: jår, år, ɑr, ar; jaar
Etymology 2Edit
From Proto-Germanic *airi (“early”). Cognate with Old English ār, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air).
AdverbEdit
ár (not comparable)
Derived termsEdit
DescendantsEdit
ReferencesEdit
Etymology 3Edit
From Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old English ār.
NounEdit
ár f (genitive árar, plural árar)
DeclensionEdit
DescendantsEdit
- Icelandic: ár
- Faroese: ár
- Norwegian:
- Old Swedish: ār, āra
- Swedish: åra
- Danish: åre
- Westrobothnian: ar
- → Kildin Sami: а̄ррьй (ārrʹj)[1]
Etymology 4Edit
See the etymology of the main entry.
NounEdit
ár
- genitive singular of á
- nominative plural of á
- accusative plural of á
ReferencesEdit
- ár in An Icelandic-English Dictionary, R. Cleasby and G. Vigfússon, Clarendon Press, 1874, at Internet Archive.
- ár in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, G. T. Zoëga, Clarendon Press, 1910, at Internet Archive.
- ^ Kildin Sami vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.