ár

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ar"

Faroese

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɔaːɹ]
• Rhymes: -ɔaːɹ

Etymology 1

From Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.

Noun

ár n (genitive singular árs, plural ár)

1. year

Declension

n3	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árið	ár	árini
accusative	ár	árið	ár	árini
dative	ári	árinum	árum	árunum
genitive	árs	ársins	ára	áranna

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).

Noun

ár f (genitive singular árar, plural árar)

1. oar

Declension

f6	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árin	árar	árarnar
accusative	ár	árina	árar	árarnar
dative	ár	árini	árum	árunum
genitive	árar	árarinnar	ára	áranna

Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈaːr]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aːr
• Hyphenation: ár

Etymology 1

Borrowed from a (likely Iranian) descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian *Hargʰás (compare Sanskrit अर्घ (arghá, “worth, value”)), such as Alanic *arγa-. In the past assumed to have been inherited from Proto-Finno-Ugric *arwa which in turn would have been borrowed from Indo-Iranian, and thus cognate with Proto-Finnic *arvo (“worth, value”), but the Finnic word is more likely a parallel borrowing. Possibly also related to Erzya [script needed] (arśems).

Noun

ár (plural árak)

2. price

   borsos ár ― an exorbitant price

   borsos ára van ― cost a pretty penny, cost an arm and a leg

3. (figuratively) cost (a negative consequence or loss that occurs or is required to occur)

Declension

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	ár	árak
accusative	árat	árakat
dative	árnak	áraknak
instrumental	árral	árakkal
causal-final	árért	árakért
translative	árrá	árakká
terminative	árig	árakig
essive-formal	árként	árakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	árban	árakban
superessive	áron	árakon
adessive	árnál	áraknál
illative	árba	árakba
sublative	árra	árakra
allative	árhoz	árakhoz
elative	árból	árakból
delative	árról	árakról
ablative	ártól	áraktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	áré	áraké
non-attributive possessive – plural	áréi	árakéi

Possessive forms of ár

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	áram	áraim
2nd person sing.	árad	áraid
3rd person sing.	ára	árai
1st person plural	árunk	áraink
2nd person plural	áratok	áraitok
3rd person plural	áruk	áraik

Derived terms

• áraz
• áros (archaic)

Compound words with this term at the beginning

• árajánlat
• áralakulás
• árarány
• árbecslés
• árbevétel
• árcédula
• árcsökkenés, árcsökkentés
• árdrágítás, árdrágító
• árelemzés
• árellenőrzés
• áremelés, áremelkedés
• árengedmény
• áresés
• árérzékeny
• árfekvés
• árfelhajtás
• árfolyam
• árforma
• árhatóság
• árhivatal
• árindex
• árjegyzék
• árjelzés
• árkedvezmény
• árképzés
• árkülönbözet
• árlap
• árlejtés
• árleszállítás
• ármegállapítás
• ármegjelölés
• ármerevség
• árolló
• árpolitika
• árrendszer
• árrés
• árrobbanás
• árrögzítés
• ársapka
• árszabás
• árszámítás
• árszint
• árszínvonal
• ártámogatás
• árverés, árverez
• árvetés
• árviszonyok pl
• árzuhanás

Compound words with this term at the end

• alapár
• átlagár
• darabár
• egységár
• élelmiszerár
• fazonár
• feketeár
• felár
• helyár
• irányár
• készpénzár
• limitár
• összár
• reklámár
• uzsoraár
• vételár

Expressions

• borsos ár

Etymology 2

From Proto-Ugric *ϑarɜ (“temporary lake coming into being during flood”).

Noun

ár (usually uncountable, plural árak)

2. flood

   Synonyms: árvíz, áradás

3. high tide, flow (as opposed to the ebb)

   Synonym: dagály

Declension

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	ár	árak
accusative	árt	árakat
dative	árnak	áraknak
instrumental	árral	árakkal
causal-final	árért	árakért
translative	árrá	árakká
terminative	árig	árakig
essive-formal	árként	árakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	árban	árakban
superessive	áron	árakon
adessive	árnál	áraknál
illative	árba	árakba
sublative	árra	árakra
allative	árhoz	árakhoz
elative	árból	árakból
delative	árról	árakról
ablative	ártól	áraktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	áré	áraké
non-attributive possessive – plural	áréi	árakéi

Possessive forms of ár

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	áram	árjaim
2nd person sing.	árad	árjaid
3rd person sing.	árja	árjai
1st person plural	árunk	árjaink
2nd person plural	áratok	árjaitok
3rd person plural	árjuk	árjaik

Derived terms

• árad → áradás, áradozik, áradat, áradmány
• áraszt

Compound words with this term at the beginning

• árapály
• árhullám, árhullámzás
• ármentesítés
• árterület
• ártér
• árvédelem
• árvíz

Compound words with this term at the end

• fényár
• illatár
• jégár
• könnyár
• szökőár
• tengerár
• zöldár

Etymology 3

From the Proto-Finno-Ugric *ora (“awl”).

Noun

ár (plural árak)

2. awl (pointed instrument for piercing small holes, as in leather or wood)

Declension

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	ár	árak
accusative	árt	árakat
dative	árnak	áraknak
instrumental	árral	árakkal
causal-final	árért	árakért
translative	árrá	árakká
terminative	árig	árakig
essive-formal	árként	árakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	árban	árakban
superessive	áron	árakon
adessive	árnál	áraknál
illative	árba	árakba
sublative	árra	árakra
allative	árhoz	árakhoz
elative	árból	árakból
delative	árról	árakról
ablative	ártól	áraktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	áré	áraké
non-attributive possessive – plural	áréi	árakéi

Possessive forms of ár

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	áram	árjaim
2nd person sing.	árad	árjaid
3rd person sing.	árja	árjai
1st person plural	árunk	árjaink
2nd person plural	áratok	árjaitok
3rd person plural	árjuk	árjaik

Derived terms

Compound words

• árcsőrű

Etymology 4

From German Ar (“are”) and French are (“are”), from Latin ārea (“threshing floor”).

Noun

ár (plural árak)

2. are (accepted SI unit of area equal to 100 square metres)

Declension

Inflection (stem in -a-, back harmony)

	singular	plural
nominative	ár	árak
accusative	árt	árakat
dative	árnak	áraknak
instrumental	árral	árakkal
causal-final	árért	árakért
translative	árrá	árakká
terminative	árig	árakig
essive-formal	árként	árakként
essive-modal	—	—
inessive	árban	árakban
superessive	áron	árakon
adessive	árnál	áraknál
illative	árba	árakba
sublative	árra	árakra
allative	árhoz	árakhoz
elative	árból	árakból
delative	árról	árakról
ablative	ártól	áraktól
non-attributive possessive – singular	áré	áraké
non-attributive possessive – plural	áréi	árakéi

Possessive forms of ár

possessor	single possession	multiple possessions
1st person sing.	áram	árjaim
2nd person sing.	árad	árjaid
3rd person sing.	árja	árjai
1st person plural	árunk	árjaink
2nd person plural	áratok	árjaitok
3rd person plural	árjuk	árjaik

Related terms

• hektár

Further reading

• ár in Nóra Ittzés, editor, A magyar nyelv nagyszótára [A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (Nszt.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published a–ez as of 2024).
• (price): ár in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
• (flood/flow): ár in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
• (awl): ár in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.
• (are [unit of area]): ár in Géza Bárczi, László Országh, et al., editors, A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára [The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language] (ÉrtSz.), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN.

Anagrams

• rá

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /auːr/, /auːr̥/
• Rhymes: -auːr

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse ár (“year”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą, from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r-. Cognates include: Dutch jaar and Afrikaans jaar, English year, German Jahr, Danish år, Norwegian Bokmål år and Swedish år.

Noun

ár n (genitive singular árs, nominative plural ár)

1. year
2. indefinite accusative singular of ár
3. indefinite nominative plural of ár
4. indefinite accusative plural of ár

Declension

Declension of ár (neuter)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árið	ár	árin
accusative	ár	árið	ár	árin
dative	ári	árinu	árum	árunum
genitive	árs	ársins	ára	áranna

Derived terms

• áramót
• árlegur
• ártíð
• gleðilegt ár
• gleðilegt nýtt ár
• hlaupár
• í ár
• nýár

Etymology 2

From Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airō. Cognates include: Old English ār (“oar”) (English oar).

Noun

ár f (genitive singular árar, nominative plural árar)

1. oar

Declension

Declension of ár (feminine)

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árin	árar	árarnar
accusative	ár	árina	árar	árarnar
dative	ár	árinni	árum	árunum
genitive	árar	árarinnar	ára	áranna

Derived terms

• árabátur
• árinni kennir illur ræðari
• koma ár sinni vel fyrir borð (“to do well for oneself”)
• leggja árar í bát (“to give up”)
• róa öllum árum að (“to employ all available means towards getting something done”)
• taka djúpt í árinni (“to express oneself forcefully”)

Etymology 3

Inherited from Old Norse ár, from Proto-Germanic *airi. Cognates include: Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air, “early”), Old English ār and ærlice (English early).

Adverb

ár

1. (rare, except in the phrase ár og síð) early
   • 2005 May 27, Hvannadalshnjúkur mældur, RÚV:

     Þess vegna var ákveðið að beita fullkomnustu mælitæki sem völ er á til að skera úr um hversu ár Hvannadalshnjúkur er í raun.

     Therefore it was decided to use the most advanced measuring equipment available to determine how old Hvannadalshnjúkur really is.

Derived terms

• árla (“early in the day”)

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

ár f

1. inflection of á (“river”):
   1. indefinite genitive singular
   2. indefinite nominative plural
   3. indefinite accusative plural

Irish

Etymology 1

From Old Irish ar, from Proto-Celtic *anserom, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥serōm, from *nos (“we, us”); compare German unser.

Pronunciation

• (Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɑːɾˠ/, /əɾˠ/, /ə/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /ɛɾʲ/

Determiner

ár (triggers eclipsis)

1. our

   ár dteach ― our house

   Ár nAthair ― Our Father

See also

Irish personal pronouns

	person		conjunctive (emphatic)	disjunctive (emphatic)	possessive determiner
singular	first		mé (mise)		mo L m' before vowel sounds
	second		tú (tusa)1	thú (thusa)	do L d' before vowel sounds
	third	m	sé (seisean)	é (eisean)	a L
		f	sí (sise)	í (ise)	a H
		n	—	ea	—
plural	first		muid, sinn (muidne, muide), (sinne)		ár E
	second		sibh (sibhse)1		bhur E
	third		siad (siadsan)	iad (iadsan)	a E

^L Triggers lenition   ^E Triggers eclipsis   ^H Triggers h-prothesis

¹ Also used as the vocative

The reflexive is formed by adding féin to the relevant pronoun.
For instance, "myself" = mé féin, "yourselves" = sibh féin.

Etymology 2

From Old Irish ár (“slaughter”), from Proto-Celtic *agros, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρα (ágra, “hunt”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɑːɾˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /aːɾˠ/

Noun

ár m (genitive singular áir)

1. slaughter, carnage
2. havoc, destruction

Declension

Declension of ár (first declension, no plural)

bare forms singular nominative ár vocative a áir genitive áir dative ár forms with the definite article singular nominative an t-ár genitive an áir dative leis an ár don ár

Derived terms

• páirc an áir
• mucár

Etymology 3

Borrowed from French are, from Latin area.

Pronunciation

• (Munster, Connacht) IPA^(key): /ɑːɾˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /aːɾˠ/

Noun

ár m (genitive singular áir, nominative plural áir)

1. are (unit of area equal to 100 square metres)

Declension

Declension of ár (first declension)

bare forms singular plural nominative ár áir vocative a áir a ára genitive áir ár dative ár áir forms with the definite article singular plural nominative an t-ár na háir genitive an áir na n-ár dative leis an ár don ár leis na háir

Mutation

Mutated forms of ár

radical	eclipsis	with h-prothesis	with t-prothesis
ár	n-ár	hár	t-ár

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “ár”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• (our): Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “ar”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 36
• (slaughter): Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “ár”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 36

Mizo

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ʔaar. Cognates include Khumi Chin ae and Zou ah.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /aːr˥/

Noun

ár

1. chicken

Old Irish

Etymology

From Proto-Celtic *agrom (“slaughter”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eǵro- (“hunt”); compare Ancient Greek ἄγρᾱ (ágrā, “hunt”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬭𐬋𐬛𐬀𐬌𐬜𐬍 (azrōdaⁱδī, “hunt”).

Noun

ár n (nominative plural ár or ára)

1. slaughter, carnage
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 34^a19

     donaib araib

     glosses ad strages

2. defeat, destruction
   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 33^d4

     du ár

     glosses ad cedem

   • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 113^b4

     etarcnae áir mo namat

     glosses de cede hostium

Inflection

Neuter o-stem

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	árN	árN	árL, ára
vocative	árN	árN	árL, ára
accusative	árN	árN	árL, ára
genitive	áirL	ár	árN
dative	árL	áraib, áirib	áraib, áirib

Initial mutations of a following adjective:

• ^H = triggers aspiration
• ^L = triggers lenition
• ^N = triggers nasalization

Derived terms

• árchú
• ármag

Descendants

• Irish: ár
• Scottish Gaelic: àr

Mutation

Mutation of ár

radical	lenition	nasalization
ár (pronounced with /h/ in h-prothesis environments)	unchanged	n-ár

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in Old Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “ár”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Old Norse

Pronunciation

• (9th century West Norse) IPA^(key): /ˈɑːr/
• (13th century Icelandic) IPA^(key): /ˈɒːr/

Etymology 1

From Proto-Norse *ᛃᚨᚱᚨ (*jara, “year; plenty”), from Proto-Germanic *jērą (“year; plenty”). Cognate with Old English ġēar (English year), Old Frisian jār, Old Saxon jār, Old Dutch jār, Old High German jār, Gothic 𐌾𐌴𐍂 (jēr).
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *yeh₁r- (“year”).

Noun

ár n (genitive árs, plural ár)

1. a year
   • Vǫluspá, verse 6, lines 9-10, in 1860, T. Möbius, Edda Sæmundar hins fróða: mit einem Anhang zum Theil bisher ungedruckter Gedichte. Leipzig, page 2:

     […] undorn ok aptan, / árum at telja.

     […] undern and evening, / years to count.

2. plenty, abundance (especially of crops)
   • Saga Sigurðar Jórsalafara 53, in 1832, R. Rask, Fornmanna sögur, Volume VII. Copenhagen, page 174:

     […] þvíat þá var bæði ár og friðr.

     […] since then there were both plenty and peace.

   1. (Runic alphabet) name of the rune ᛅ (a)

Declension

Declension of ár (strong a-stem)

neuter	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árit	ár	árin
accusative	ár	árit	ár	árin
dative	ári	árinu	árum	árunum
genitive	árs	ársins	ára	áranna

Derived terms

• ár ok friðr (“plenty and peace”)
• árangr (“season”)
• áratal (“number of years”)
• áratala (“calculation of years”)
• árbót (“bettereing of the season of produce”)
• árbýll (“dwelling in abundance”)
• árferð (“season”)
• árgallalauss (“fertile”)
• árgalli (“failure of crop”)
• árgangr (“year's course”)
• árguð (“Frey”)
• árlangt, árlengis (“for a year”)
• árliga (“yearly”)
• árligr (“annual, early”)
• ármaðr (“steward”)
• ármenning (“stewardship”)
• ársamr (“fertile”)
• árskyld (“yearly rent”)
• ársæli (“fact of having good seasons”)
• ársæll (“happy in having good seasons”)
• ártal (“reckoning by years”)
• ártekja (“yearly rent”)
• árvænligr, árvænn (“promising a good season”)
• árvíð (“anniversary of man's death”)

Descendants

• Icelandic: ár
• Faroese: ár
• Norwegian Nynorsk: år
  • Russenorsk: aart
• Norwegian Bokmål: år
• Elfdalian: år
• Old Swedish: ār
  • Swedish: år
• Old Danish: aar
  • Danish: år

Etymology 2

From Proto-Germanic *airi (“early”). Cognate with Old English ār, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air).

Adverb

ár (not comparable)

1. early, anciently
2. in early morning, at dawn

Derived terms

• árla
• árrisull (“inclined to rising early”)

Descendants

• Icelandic: ár, áður (áður may be from *airiz)
• Faroese: áður
• Norwegian Nynorsk: år
• Old Swedish: *ar
• ⇒ Old Norse: árla
  • Icelandic: árla
  • Faroese: árla
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: årle; (dialectal) årla
  • Old Swedish: aarla, arla
    • Swedish: arla
  • Danish: årle
    • Norwegian Bokmål: årle

Etymology 3

From Proto-Germanic *airō (“oar”). Cognate with Old English ār.

Noun

ár f (genitive árar, plural árar)

1. oar

Declension

Declension of ár (strong ō-stem)

feminine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	ár	árin	árar	árarnar
accusative	ár	árina	árar	árarnar
dative	ár	árinni	árum	árunum
genitive	árar	árarinnar	ára	áranna

Descendants

• Icelandic: ár
• Faroese: ár
• Norwegian:
  • Norwegian Bokmål: åre
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: år, åre
• Old Swedish: ār, āra
  • Swedish: åra
• Danish: åre
• → Kildin Sami: а̄ррьй (ārr’j)

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

ár

1. genitive singular of of á
2. nominative plural of of á
3. accusative plural of á

Further reading

• Richard Cleasby, Guðbrandur Vigfússon (1874) “ár”, in An Icelandic-English Dictionary, 1st edition, Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, page 44
• Zoëga, Geir T. (1910) “ár”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 35; also available at the Internet Archive