奸

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

奸 (Kangxi radical 38, 女+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 女一十 (VMJ), four-corner 4144₀, composition ⿰女干)

Derived charactersEdit

𡋖

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 255, character 4
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6045
Dae Jaweon: page 518, character 4
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1025, character 1
Unihan data for U+5978

ChineseEdit

trad.		奸/姦^*
simp.		奸

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (干) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
訐	krads, krads, ked, kad
肝	*kaːn
竿	*kaːn
干	*kaːn
奸	*kaːn
玕	*kaːn
汗	kaːn, ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
迀	*kaːn
忓	kaːn, ɡaːns
鳱	*kaːn
邗	kaːn, ɡaːn
秆	*kaːnʔ
矸	kaːnʔ, kaːns, *ɡaːns
仠	*kaːnʔ
皯	*kaːnʔ
衦	*kaːnʔ
簳	*kaːnʔ
擀	*kaːnʔ
旰	*kaːns
盰	*kaːns
幹	*kaːns
杆	*kaːns
骭	kaːns, ɡraːns
桿	*kaːnʔ
趕	*kaːnʔ
稈	*kaːnʔ
刊	*kʰaːn
靬	kʰaːn, kʰaːns, kreːn, kan
衎	kʰaːnʔ, kʰaːns
犴	ŋaːn, ŋaːns
豻	ŋaːn, ŋaːns, ɦŋaːns, ŋ̊ʰraːn
頇	ŋaːns, hŋaːn, *ŋaːd
岸	*ŋɡaːns
鼾	qʰaːn, ɢaːns
罕	qʰaːnʔ, qʰaːns
焊	qʰaːnʔ, ɡaːns
蔊	*qʰaːnʔ
虷	*ɡaːn
旱	*ɡaːnʔ
皔	*ɡaːnʔ
釬	*ɡaːns
扞	*ɡaːns
閈	*ɡaːns
馯	ɡaːns, kʰraːn
捍	ɡaːns, ɡraːnʔ
悍	*ɡaːns
銲	*ɡaːns
垾	*ɡaːns
駻	*ɡaːns
睅	*ɡʷranʔ
娨	*ɡraːns
飦	*kan
赶	ɡan, ɡʷad
軒	*qʰan
蓒	*qʰan
酐	*qʰaːŋʔ
澣	*ɡʷaːnʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *kaːn): semantic 女 + phonetic 干 (OC *kaːn).

Pronunciation 1Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jiān (jian¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan¹
Min Dong (BUC): găng
Min Nan (POJ): kan
Wu (Wiktionary): ¹ke; ¹ji

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jian
  - Wade–Giles: chien¹
  - Yale: jyān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
  - Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕjɛn⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gaan¹
  - Yale: gāan
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gaan¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gan¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːn⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan
  - Tâi-lô: kan
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kafn
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: ¹ke; ¹ji
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ke̞⁵³/, /t͡ɕi⁵³/

Note:

1ke - vernacular;
1ji - literary.

DefinitionsEdit

奸

AntonymsEdit

(evil): 義／义 (yì, “righteous; justice”)

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 奸

以售其奸
作奸犯科 (zuòjiān-fànkē)
大奸
大奸似忠
奸人
奸佞
奸俏
奸刁
奸同鬼蜮
奸商 (jiānshāng)
奸夫
奸宄 (jiānguǐ)
奸巧
奸徒
奸慝
奸棍
奸毒
奸民 (jiānmín)
奸淫
奸滑
奸狡
奸猾 (jiānhuá)
奸笑 (jiānxiào)
奸胥猾吏
奸臣 (jiānchén)
奸言
奸邪 (jiānxié)

Pronunciation 2Edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gān (gan¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gon¹

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gān
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gan
  - Wade–Giles: kan¹
  - Yale: gān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gan
  - Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kän⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gon¹
  - Yale: gōn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gon¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gon¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːn⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: /kɑn/

Rime
Character	奸
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古寒切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kan/
Li Rong	/kɑn/
Wang Li	/kɑn/
Bernard Karlgren	/kɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gon¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa[r]/

(Zhengzhang): /*kaːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	奸
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gān
Middle Chinese	‹ kan ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁa[r]/
English	treacherous
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	奸
Reading #	1/1
No.	3571
Phonetic component	干
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	干
Old Chinese	/*kaːn/

DefinitionsEdit

奸

(archaic) to offend; to mistreat; to encroach on; alternative form of 干 (gān).

CompoundsEdit

奸命
奸犯
相奸 (xiānggān)

奸絕／奸绝
奸蘭／奸兰

奸説／奸说
闇奸／暗奸

JapaneseEdit

Alternative formsEdit

姦, 姧

KanjiEdit

奸

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: かん (kan); けん (ken)
Kan-on: かん (kan)
Kun: おかす (okasu, 奸す); あし (ashi, 奸し); わるい (warui, 奸い); よこしま (yokoshima, 奸)

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

奸悪(かんあく) (kan'aku)
奸黠(かんかつ) (kankatsu)
漢奸(かんかん) (kankan)
奸譎(かんきつ) (kankitsu)
奸曲(かんきょく) (kankyoku)
奸計(かんけい) (kankei)
奸譎(かんけつ) (kanketsu)
奸詐(かんさ) (kansa)
奸才(かんさい) (kansai)
奸策(かんさく) (kansaku)
奸邪(かんじゃ) (kanja)
奸商(かんしょう) (kanshō)
奸心(かんしん) (kanshin)
奸臣(かんしん) (kanshin)
奸人(かんじん) (kanjin)
奸賊(かんぞく) (kanzoku)
奸智(かんち) (kanchi), 奸知(かんち) (kanchi)
奸徒(かんと) (kanto)
奸盗(かんとう) (kantō)
奸匿(かんとく) (kantoku), 奸匿(かんちょく) (kanchoku)
奸佞(かんねい) (kannei)
奸婦(かんぷ) (kanpu)
奸物(かんぶつ) (kanbutsu)
奸謀(かんぼう) (kanbō)
奸雄(かんゆう) (kan'yū)
斬奸(ざんかん) (zankan)
大奸(たいかん) (taikan)

Kanji in this term
奸
かん Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 奸 (kan).

PronunciationEdit

On’yomi: Kan’on

(Tokyo) かん [káꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [kã̠ɴ]

AdjectiveEdit

奸(かん) • (kan) -na (adnominal 奸(かん)な (kan na), adverbial 奸(かん)に (kan ni))

wicked

InflectionEdit

Inflection of 奸

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	奸だろ	かんだろ	kan daro
Continuative (連用形)	奸で	かんで	kan de
Terminal (終止形)	奸だ	かんだ	kan da
Attributive (連体形)	奸な	かんな	kan na
Hypothetical (仮定形)	奸なら	かんなら	kan nara
Imperative (命令形)	奸であれ	かんであれ	kan de are
Key constructions
Informal negative	奸ではない奸じゃない	かんではないかんじゃない	kan de wa nai kan ja nai
Informal past	奸だった	かんだった	kan datta
Informal negative past	奸ではなかった奸じゃなかった	かんではなかったかんじゃなかった	kan de wa nakatta kan ja nakatta
Formal	奸です	かんです	kan desu
Formal negative	奸ではありません奸じゃありません	かんではありませんかんじゃありません	kan de wa arimasen kan ja arimasen
Formal past	奸でした	かんでした	kan deshita
Formal negative past	奸ではありませんでした奸じゃありませんでした	かんではありませんでしたかんじゃありませんでした	kan de wa arimasen deshita kan ja arimasen deshita
Conjunctive	奸で	かんで	kan de
Conditional	奸なら（ば）	かんなら（ば）	kan nara (ba)
Provisional	奸だったら	かんだったら	kan dattara
Volitional	奸だろう	かんだろう	kan darō
Adverbial	奸に	かんに	kan ni
Degree	奸さ	かんさ	kansa

NounEdit

奸(かん) • (kan)

evil, wickedness
Antonyms: 義(ぎ) (gi, “justice”)
wicked person

ReferencesEdit

^ 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

奸

Wikisource

奸 (eumhun 간사할 간 (gansahal gan))
奸 (eumhun 범할 간 (beomhal gan))

Hanja form^? of 간 (“evil, wicked”).

CompoundsEdit

Compounds

간사 (奸邪, gansa, “deceit”)
간악 (奸惡, ganak, “wickedness”)
간계 (奸計, gan'gye, “evil plot/scheme”)
간교 (奸巧, gan'gyo, “cunningness”)

ReferencesEdit

Naver Hanja Dictionary: 奸
국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

[DJR-1] 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

[1]

[2]