寒
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Contents
TranslingualEdit
Han characterEdit
寒 (radical 40 宀+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金卜 (JTCY), four-corner 30303, composition ⿱𡨄⺀)
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 289, character 9
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7239
- Dae Jaweon: page 572, character 10
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 941, character 6
- Unihan data for U+5BD2
ChineseEdit
| simp. and trad. |
寒 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 寒
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|---|---|---|
| Bronze inscriptions | Large seal script | Small seal script |
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| Characters in the same phonetic series (寒) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
|---|---|
| Old Chinese | |
| 寒 | *ɡaːn |
| 蹇 | *kranʔ, *kanʔ |
| 謇 | *kranʔ |
| 搴 | *kranʔ, *kʰran |
| 藆 | *kranʔ |
| 騫 | *kʰran |
| 褰 | *kʰran |
| 攐 | *kʰran |
| 鑳 | *ɡranʔ |
| 寋 | *ɡanʔ |
| 鶱 | *qʰan |
PronunciationEdit
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hon4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hòn
- Min Dong (BUC): hàng / gàng
- Min Nan (POJ): hân / kôaⁿ / gân
- Wu (Wiktionary): hhoe (T3)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
- Wade-Giles: han2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hanr
- IPA (key): /xa̠n³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Beijing)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: hon4
- Yale: hòhn
- Cantonese Pinyin: hon4
- Guangdong Romanization: hon4
- IPA (key): /hɔːn²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hòn
- Hakka Romanization System: honˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: hon2
- IPA: /hon¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hàng / gàng
- IPA (key): /haŋ⁵³/, /kaŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- hàng - “cold; poor; to fear”;
- gàng - “affected by the cold; chilled”.
- Min Nan
Note:
- hân - literary;
- kôaⁿ - vernacular;
- gân - vernacular (俗).
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: hhoe (T3)
- IPA (key): /ɦø²³/
- (Shanghainese)
| Rime | |
|---|---|
| Character | 寒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Initial (聲) | 匣 (33) |
| Final (韻) | 寒 (61) |
| Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
| Openness (開合) | Open |
| Division (等) | I |
| Fanqie | 胡安切 |
| Reconstructions | |
| Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/ɦɑn/ |
| Pan Wuyun |
/ɦɑn/ |
| Shao Rongfen |
/ɣɑn/ |
| Edwin Pulleyblank |
/ɦan/ |
| Li Rong |
/ɣɑn/ |
| Wang Li |
/ɣɑn/ |
| Bernard Karlgren |
/ɣɑn/ |
| Expected Mandarin Reflex |
hán |
| Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 寒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
hán |
| Middle Chinese |
‹ han › |
| Old Chinese |
/*Cə.[ɡ]ˤa[n]/ |
| English | cold |
|
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
|
| Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
|---|---|
| Character | 寒 |
| Reading # | 1/1 |
| No. | 4870 |
| Phonetic component |
寒 |
| Rime group |
元 |
| Rime subdivision |
1 |
| Corresponding MC rime |
寒 |
| Old Chinese |
/*ɡaːn/ |
DefinitionsEdit
寒
- cold; wintry; chilly
- poor; poverty-stricken
- humble; petty and low
- desolate; deserted
- dreary; miserable
- withered; limp
- (humble) my
- to feel cold
- to fear; to dread
- winter
- cold weather; cold day or night
- (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill
SynonymsEdit
| Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Variety | Location | Words |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 冷 | |
| Mandarin | Beijing | 冷 |
| Taiwan | 冷 | |
| Jinan | 冷 | |
| Xi'an | 冷 | |
| Wuhan | 冷、冷凊 | |
| Chengdu | 冷、凊 | |
| Yangzhou | 冷 | |
| Hefei | 冷 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 凍、冷 |
| Hong Kong | 凍、冷 | |
| Taishan | 冷 | |
| Yangjiang | 凍、冷 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 冷 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 冷 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 冷、寒 | |
| Liudui (S. Sixian) | 冷、寒人 | |
| Hsinchu (Hailu) | 冷 | |
| Dongshi (Dabu) | 冷、寒 | |
| Zhuolan (Raoping) | 冷、寒 | |
| Yunlin (Zhao'an) | 冷、寒 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 冷 |
| Min Bei | Jian'ou | 凊、鎮 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 凊、凍 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 冷、凊、寒 |
| Quanzhou | 冷、凊、寒 | |
| Zhangzhou | 冷、凊、寒 | |
| Taipei | 冷、凊、寒 | |
| Chaozhou | 凝、寒 | |
| Shantou | 凝、寒 | |
| Wu | Suzhou | 冷 |
| Wenzhou | 冷、凍 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 冷、凊 |
| Shuangfeng | 冷、凊 | |
CompoundsEdit
Derived terms from 寒