Wiktionary

寒

寒 U+5BD2, 寒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BD2
← 寑
[U+5BD1] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 寓 →
[U+5BD3]

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

寒 (radical 40, 宀+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金卜 (JTCY), four-corner 30303, composition ⿱𡨄⺀)

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 289, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7239
  • Dae Jaweon: page 572, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 941, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5BD2

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 寒

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 寒
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
     
Characters in the same phonetic series (寒) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
寒 *ɡaːn
蹇 *kranʔ, *kanʔ
謇 *kranʔ
搴 *kranʔ, *kʰran
藆 *kranʔ
騫 *kʰran
褰 *kʰran
攐 *kʰran
鑳 *ɡranʔ
寋 *ɡanʔ
鶱 *qʰan

Ideogrammic compound (會意): 宀 (“house”) + 人 (“person”) + 茻 (“grass”) – a person in a house, sleeping in the grass to protect from the cold. In some bronze inscriptions, 二 is added at the bottom of the character; this may simply be decorative or may represent a mat. In the seal script, 二 is changed to 仌 (“ice”) to emphasize its meaning of coldness.

EtymologyEdit

Etymology unknown (Schuessler, 2007).

PronunciationEdit

Note:
  • hàng - “cold; poor; to fear”;
  • gàng - “affected by the cold; chilled”.
  • Min Nan
    • Note:
    • hân - literary;
    • kôaⁿ - vernacular;
    • gân - vernacular (俗).
    Note:
    • hang5 - literary;
    • guan5 - vernacular.
  • Wu
    Rime
    Character 寒
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
    Final (韻) 寒 (61)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) I
    Fanqie 胡安切
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦɑn/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦɑn/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣɑn/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦan/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣɑn/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣɑn/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/ɣɑn/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		hán
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 寒
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		hán
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ han ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*Cə.[ɡ]ˁa[n]/
    English cold

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 寒
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 4870
    Phonetic
    component         		寒
    Rime
    group         		元
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		寒
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡaːn/

    DefinitionsEdit

    寒

    1. cold; wintry; chilly
    2. poor; poverty-stricken
    3. humble; petty and low
    4. desolate; deserted
    5. dreary; miserable
    6. withered; limp
    7. (humble) my
    8. to feel cold
    9. to fear; to dread
    10. winter
    11. cold weather; cold day or night
    12. (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill
    13. The fourteenth day of the month in Chinese telegraph messages

    SynonymsEdit

    • (cold): 冷 (lěng)
    Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷
    Mandarin Beijing 冷
    Taiwan 冷
    Jinan 冷
    Xi'an 冷
    Wuhan 冷, 冷凊
    Chengdu 冷, 凊
    Yangzhou 冷
    Hefei 冷
    Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
    Hong Kong 凍, 冷
    Taishan 冷
    Yangjiang 凍, 冷
    Kuala Lumpur 凍
    Gan Nanchang 冷
    Hakka Meixian 冷
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
    Liudui (S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
    Hsinchu (Hailu) 冷
    Dongshi (Dabu) 冷, 寒
    Hsinchu (Raoping) 冷, 寒
    Yunlin (Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
    Jin Taiyuan 冷
    Min Bei Jian'ou 凊, 鎮
    Min Dong Fuzhou 凊, 凍
    Min Nan Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒
    Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
    Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
    Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
    Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒
    Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒
    Philippines (Manila Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
    Chaozhou 凝, 寒
    Shantou 凝, 寒
    Wenchang 寒
    Wu Suzhou 冷
    Wenzhou 冷, 凍
    Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊
    Shuangfeng 冷, 凊

    CompoundsEdit

    Derived terms from 寒

    Further readingEdit

    JapaneseEdit

    KanjiEdit

    寒

    (grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

    1. cold

    ReadingsEdit

    EtymologyEdit

    Kanji in this term
    寒
    かん
    Grade: 3
    kan’on

    From Middle Chinese 寒 (MC ɦɑn).

    PronunciationEdit

    AffixEdit

    寒(かん) • (kan) 

    1. cold; chilly
    2. lonely; deserted
    3. poor; poverty-stricken
    4. midwinter; cold season

    NounEdit

    寒(かん) • (kan) 

    1. midwinter; cold season

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    KoreanEdit

    HanjaEdit

    寒 (eumhun 찰 한 (chal han))
    寒 (eumhun 차가운 한 (chagaun han))

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    CompoundsEdit

    VietnameseEdit

    Han characterEdit

    寒: Hán Việt readings: hàn (河(hà)干(can)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
    寒: Nôm readings: hàn[1][2][4][6]

    1. Hán tự form of hàn (“coldness”).

    ReferencesEdit

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
    3. ^ Trần (2004).
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
    5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
    6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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