諸夏

See also: 诸夏

Chinese

		all; many; various	summer; Xia (proper name)
trad. (諸夏)		諸	夏
simp. (诸夏)		诸	夏

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Zhūxià

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨ ㄒㄧㄚˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zyu¹ haa⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Zhūxià
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Jhusià
    • Wade–Giles: Chu¹-hsia⁴
    • Yale: Jū-syà
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Jushiah
    • Palladius: Чжуся (Čžusja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂu⁵⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: zyu¹ haa⁶
    • Yale: jyū hah
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzy¹ haa⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: ju¹ ha⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡syː⁵⁵ haː²²/

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• Middle Chinese: tsyo haeX

Rime
Character	諸	夏
Reading #	1/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	章魚切	胡雅切
Baxter	tsyo	haeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕɨʌ/	/ɦˠaX/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕiɔ/	/ɦᵚaX/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕiɔ/	/ɣaX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cɨə̆/	/ɦaɨX/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiɔ/	/ɣaX/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭo/	/ɣaX/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯wo/	/ɣaX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhū	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zyu1	haa6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ta  [ɢ]ˤraʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tja  ɡraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	諸	夏
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhū	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ tsyo ›	‹ hæX ›
Old Chinese	/*ta/	/*[ɢ]ˁraʔ/
English	many	great; pertaining to Chinese civilization
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	諸	夏
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	17000	13452
Phonetic component	者	夏
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	諸	下
Old Chinese	/*tja/	/*ɡraːʔ/

Proper noun

諸夏

1. (archaic, historical) the diverse Xias; the peoples of the historical Chinese heartland that identify with each other

   Antonym: 夷狄 (yídí)

   • 子曰：「夷狄之有君，不如諸夏之亡也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     子曰：「夷狄之有君，不如诸夏之亡也。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Zǐyuē: “Yídí zhī yǒu jūn, bùrú zhūxià zhī wú yě.” [Pinyin]

     The Master said, "The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them."

   • 戎狄豺狼，不可厭也；諸夏親暱，不可棄也。宴安酖毒，不可懷也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     戎狄豺狼，不可厌也；诸夏亲昵，不可弃也。宴安鸩毒，不可怀也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4^th century BCE

     Róngdí cháiláng, bùkě yàn yě; zhūxià qīnnì, bùkě qì yě. Yàn'ān zhèndú, bùkě huái yě. [Pinyin]

     The Rong and Di are dholes and wolves and may not be satisfied; the various grand states are close intimates and may not be abandoned. Ease and peace are banes and poisons and may not be embraced.

Usage notes

Chiefly used in ancient Chinese historiography as endonym, implying a common identification amid geographical, political, and other diversities. The notion is related but not identical to the idea expressed by the word "China".

Synonyms

• 中 (abbreviation)
• 中原 (Zhōngyuán)
• 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó)
• 中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá)
• 九州 (Jiǔzhōu)
• 唐山 (Tángshān)
• 域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
• 天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
• 天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
• 支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
• 桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
• 猜拿 (transliteration of English China)
• 神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
• 種花家／种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
• 脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
• 至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
• 華／华 (abbreviation)
• 華夏／华夏 (Huáxià)
• 諸夏／诸夏 (Zhūxià)
• 諸華／诸华 (Zhūhuá)
• 赤縣／赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
• 赤縣神州／赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
• 震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)